Cabbage, radish, mustard, shepherd's purse... What do you think all these plants have in common? The correct answer is that the structure and general characteristics of which are presented in our article are widespread in nature and are grown as cultivated plants. What are the characteristics of these plants? Let's figure it out together.
general characteristics
The Cruciferous, or Cabbage, family belongs to the Dicotyledonous class. They are characterized by a pair of cotyledons in the seed embryo. Cabbage got its name thanks to the most common representative. Red and white, cauliflower, kohlrabi, Beijing, Savoy, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts - there are more than thirty varieties of cabbage in total. Translated from the Celtic "cap" is translated as "head". Indeed, the shape of this part of the body is very similar to a shortened and thickened shoot of this plant - a head of cabbage.
With rare exceptions, all cabbages are herbaceous plants with simple cruciferous leaves. They are arranged alternately on the stem. Leaves located at the base of the shoot form a basal rosette.
Cruciferous: flower formula
Representatives of the cabbage family have another name. They acquired it due to the structure of the flower. They are also called cruciferous. Diagram And the flower formula, which has the form Ch4L4T2 + 4P1, contains all the necessary information about its structure. The numbers in this formula indicate the number of elements, and capital letters are the first in the name of certain parts.
generative organ
So, the formula of a flower of the cruciferous family begins with the designation Ch4. This means that the plants of this family have 4 sepals. They are green, located at the base of the receptacle crosswise. The petals are attached in the same way. The structure of the rim in the formula is denoted as L4. Four free petals are arranged crosswise, defining the second name of the family. The corolla can be yellow, pink, purple or white. Poisonous plants have especially bright petals. Their typical example is wallflower. It is easily distinguished by its bright yellow flowers. Its juice contains glycosides. These toxic substances negatively affect the activity of the heart muscle.
From the flower formula of cruciferous plants, it immediately becomes clear that these structures are bisexual. This means that they contain both pistils and stamens. These are the main parts of any flower.
T2 + 4 - this means that there are six stamens in total. Two of them are short and four are long. The pestle is always one (P1). As a rule, cabbage flowers are small. They are collected in brushes, which end all branches or one main stem. Cruciferous fruits develop from such inflorescences - pods or pods. Both of these species are dry and open. They open at the top and bottom seam from top to bottom. The seeds are located on a partition inside the fruit. The pod differs in that it is much shorter and wider than the pod. and form a different type of fruit - a nut.
Pollination and seed formation conditions
The cruciferous formula indicates that these plants are capable of self-pollination. It occurs within a single flower. It is also possible to cross-pollinate with the help of wind or insects. The latter are the most efficient pollen carriers. These are honey and wild bees, bumblebees, flies, butterflies, evenings. Insects are attracted by the bright color of the inflorescences and the characteristic smell of honey plants.
Diversity
In addition to well-known vegetable crops, which include cabbage, radish, turnip, horseradish, a person also grows oilseeds. The most common of these are mustard and rapeseed. Among the cruciferous, the flower formula of which determines the name of this family, weed species are also known. This is a hiccup, shepherd's bag, yarutka. Among honey-bearing species, camelina, colza, and rapeseed are widely known.
Economic importance
Man has long learned to use different parts of these plants. The most famous cruciferous with valuable leaves, of course, is cabbage. Vitamin C is not destroyed in it even when stored fresh and salted for a long time. Therefore, the systematic use of cabbage helps to increase immunity. But mustard is not only eaten as a condiment. Powder is obtained from its grains, which is used externally for colds of the lungs and upper respiratory tract.
Knowing the formula of the cruciferous family, they are easy to distinguish among other plants. Bright inflorescences with well-marked cruciform corollas stand out against the general green background. This makes them visible to bees. Since these crops bloom already in May, beekeepers receive such honey first.
The radish is famous for its root crops. Essential oils and sulfur compounds give them their characteristic bitterness and pungency. These substances improve digestion processes, increase appetite. Radish juice is used to treat colds, inflammation and liver and gallbladder. Leaves are used not only in cabbage, but also in horseradish. They are added to salted vegetables, as a seasoning for spicy and meat dishes.
So, cruciferous, whose flower formula is Ch4L4T2 + 4P1, are characterized by the presence of four free petals and sepals. They are arranged crosswise. This determines the name of the family. Among the representatives of cruciferous, or cabbage, vegetable, oilseed, ornamental, melliferous, fodder and weed species are widely known.
Class: 6
Didactic goal of the lesson: create conditions for understanding and comprehending a block of a new topic, educational information, application in familiar and new educational situations, checking the level of assimilation of a system of knowledge and skills.
Content goals:
- educational goal- to continue work on the formation of systematic concepts: class, family, genus, species; to formulate students' knowledge about the characteristics of cruciferous plants.
- Educational- improving students' skills to classify plants, compare, draw appropriate conclusions, skills of working with natural objects.
- Educational- to promote the formation of students' respect for plants.
Lesson form - lesson - a journey with elements of a role-playing game.
Lesson type - combined.
Equipment: tables "Cruciferous family", herbaria of plants of the cruciferous family, cabbage flower model, collections and dummies of fruits (collection of various pods and pods).
Key words and concepts: dicotyledonous class, cruciferous family; representatives of plants of the cruciferous family; the use of plants of the family in various branches of human activity: food, fodder, melliferous, oilseeds, medicinal plants, ornamental plants of the cruciferous family. Double perianth, calyx, flower formula, fruit pod or pod.
- By source of knowledge: verbal, visual, practical.
- According to the nature of the student's activity: partially searchable.
- According to the nature of the teacher: problematic.
- Forms of organization of cognitive activity: frontal, individual, group.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Greets students, determines their readiness for the lesson. Informs that we continue to study the families of plants of the dicotyledonous class.
What families of plants of the dicotyledonous class have we met? The guys answer.
Today we will get acquainted with another family of plants, whose representatives are of great practical importance in the life of each of us? What is this family?
I propose to guess the following riddles (a group of children prepared them for the lesson in advance)
In the garden behind the barn
The stem has grown into a ball (kohlrabi cabbage)
The girl is white-faced,
The sun can't stand
He asks for an umbrella (cauliflower)
On the shoulders of Ignashka
Forty-three shirts -
All from bleached fabric,
And on top - a green jacket (Development of cabbage. Head of cabbage)
There was a child - did not know diapers,
And became an old man -
One hundred diapers on him. (head of cabbage)
5. Countless clothes and all without fasteners (cabbage)
6. Note. Part of the dance (turnip)
The first syllable is the song of the spring drop,
The second is lips.
Everything is a plant, about which
Puzzled:
"There was a child - did not know diapers,
Star began - began to swaddle "(cabbage).
Students answer that today we will study the family to which the plant belongs - cabbage. This family is cruciferous. So, students formulate the purpose of the lesson.
How will this task be solved in the lesson: with the help of what methods, forms? This will be a lesson journey through the cruciferous family.
Today we travel to the land of cruciferous plants. I hope that we will reveal many secrets. Those who want to test their strength have already gathered on the spot. Here is our travel plan.
Checking the readiness of the detachment to travel at the checkpoint.
- Stop at the station "Definitive"
- Stop at the station "Museum"
- Stop at the station "Cognitive"
- Completion of the journey customs.
Well, are you on your way?
Check Point.
The guys are offered tasks on test cards (by options) Annex 1
Option number 1.
Task number 1.
Indicate the numbers under which the signs of plants of the moth family are indicated:
1. Fruit-pod or pod.
2. The corolla of a flower consists of four petals.
3. The fruit is a bean
4. Nodules form on the roots, in which bacteria live that absorb nitrogen from the air
5. A flower has one pistil and six stamens
6. A flower has one pistil and ten stamens
7. There are many stamens in a flower
8. The corolla of a flower consists of five unequal petals, folded like raised butterfly wings.
Task number 2
The game "Third extra"
1. Soy, beans, tomatoes.
2. Pepper, eggplant, peanuts
3. Potatoes, black henbane, cabbage.
Option number 2
Task number 1
Choose the signs of plants of the nightshade family:
1. Tap root
2. Leaves with mesh venation
3. There are six stamens and one pistil in a flower
4. The calyx consists of five fused petals.
5. Corolla consists of five fused petals.
6. Fruit - pod or pod
7. Pdlod - berry or box
8. Shepherd's bag
9. Black nightshade
10. Potato
Task number 2
The game "Third extra"
1. Soy, beans, tomatoes
2. Pepper, eggplant, peanuts
3. Potatoes, roses, cabbage.
After completing the test tasks, we check as follows: surprise cards, open the bottom of the card and find the answers to the tasks there. Self control.
Evaluation criteria are indicated on the card.
So, guys, it turned out that in each version cabbage turned out to be an extra plant.
Problem: why do cabbages and turnips belong to the Cruciferous family? What are their common features?
Here the guys perform laboratory work - "Plants of the cruciferous family."
(each student is given an instruction card) Appendix 2
Objectives: to learn to identify the signs of the family by the appearance of the plant and the structure of its flowers and fruits; continue to form the skill of working with natural objects, the skill of performing a biological drawing.
Equipment: herbarium specimens of wild radish, shepherd's purse, common colza, a collection of fruits.
Progress
1. Before starting work, students must be reminded of the safety rules.
2. Consider a herbarium specimen of a plant. Determine the external signs of the vegetative organs of the plant.
3. Determine the type of root system (rod or fibrous). What class does this indicate?
4. Examine the stem. Determine the type of stem (herbaceous or woody), determine the nature of its growth (upright, curly, creeping).
5. Determine the features of the leaves: venation, the nature of the leaf blade (simple or complex, whole or indented, type of leaf arrangement.
6. Consider the inflorescence and determine what type it belongs to.
7. Draw a herbarium copy of the plant, sign its name and indicate its main features.
8. Sketch the structure of a flower, indicate its main parts.
9. Make a flower formula, write it down in a notebook
10. Consider the structure of the fruit, compare it with the fruits from the collection and determine the type of fruit.
11. Sketch and label the fetus.
Summarize the results obtained and, on the basis of them, draw a conclusion about the belonging of the plant to the cruciferous family.
The guys do the following conclusions:
the family includes about 3200 plant species;
Flowers with cruciform petals, calyx of 4 sepals, corolla of 4 petals, with 6 stamens (2 short and 4 long) and 1 pistil;
Cruciferous flower formula Ch4L4T4 + 2P1;
Inflorescence - brush;
The fruits are pods or pods;
The root system is pivotal.
That's right, guys, according to these features, we attribute these plants to this family.
But what is the variety of plants of the cruciferous family, we will learn at the next stop.
Next stop - Museum station.
Purpose: to introduce students to the variety of cruciferous plants.
Determine what is the role of cruciferous plants in the life and economic activity of man. (The guys prepared messages about cruciferous plants at home). Presentation
And our journey continues and the next stop" defining"
Here is performed practical work on the identification of cruciferous plants by identification cards.Appendix 3
Before starting practical work, the teacher explains to the children the rules for identifying plants using identification cards using a determinant.
Purpose: to form the ability to recognize plants with identification cards, to give a complete systematic description of the plant, to continue to form the skill of working with natural objects.
Equipment: herbariums of plants of the cruciferous family (wild radish, shepherd's purse, field yarutka), school identification of higher plants and identification cards, magnifiers.
Progress:
Remind students of the safety rules before starting work.
1. Consider the herbarium of cruciferous plants.
2. Determine the color of the corolla, the type of fruit, the shape of the leaf blade.
3.Following the instructions on the identification card, determine what kind of plant it is.
4. Using the school determinant, establish which order, class, department this plant belongs to.
5. Make a conclusion in which give a complete systematic description of this plant. Specify the sequence of steps in determining a plant. Record the data obtained in a notebook.
Our journey comes to an end and the next stop "Customs". The guys are invited to complete the following tasks in order to consolidate knowledge and skills. Appendix 4
Option number 1.
Note the signs of cruciferous:
1. There are many stamens.
2. The corolla consists of five petals
3. The calyx consists of four sepals
4. Fruit pod
5. The fruit is a drupe
6. The corolla consists of four petals.
7. Six stamens: four long and two short
8. The calyx consists of five sepals.
Option number 2.
Choose the correct statements:
1. Cruciferous plants include both herbaceous plants and shrubs and trees
2. All cruciferous plants have simple leaves.
3. Cruciferous fruits - pods and pods
4. All cruciferous plants are biennials.
5. Cruciferous leaves have parallel venation..
6. All cruciferous flowers have a flower formula - Ch4, L4, T4 + 2, P1.
Control over the implementation of the task should be carried out as follows: the interchange of tasks and grading. Ratings of each are accompanied by comments.
Summarizing. Draws the attention of students to achieve the goal of the lesson.
Reflection.
- What did you learn in class today?
- Has the goal of the lesson been achieved?
- Will this knowledge be useful to you in life?
- Did you like the lesson or not. If yes, then what?
Moving on to the material that will be covered in the next lesson.
Creative task. Draw or mold from plasticine various types of fruits of cruciferous plants: a pod without constrictions, a pod with constrictions, pods of various shapes, give examples of plants that are characterized by such fruits.
Task for students interested in biology by choice:
Write the flower formulas of indoor plants that are currently blooming in the biology room and in your home.
Or, make a crossword puzzle, cinquain for the word cabbage.
Identification card for identifying cruciferous plants.
1. Fruit pod (long) ::::::::::::::::::::::2
0.Fruit pod (length less than or equal to width):::::::::::.5
2. Fruits with constrictions (bead-shaped). The flowers are yellow. Stems and leaves have sparse stiff hairs.
Wild radish.
0. Fruits without constriction::::.. 3
3. The nose of the pod is xiphoid. Pedicels in fruits, strongly deviated from the stem. The leaves are pinnate.
Mustard white
0. Round nose pods:::::::::::::::::::::4
4. Pods 1-1.5 cm in size, pressed against the stem. Stem with branches splayed to the sides. Upper leaves are arrow-shaped
Medicinal walker.
0. Pods 2-4 cm in size, deviated from the stem. Leaves are lanceolate.
Zheltushnik levkoy.
5. Triangular pods. The flowers are white, small. The basal leaves are pinnatipartite, clustered.
Shepherd's bag.
0.Oval Pod:::::::::::::::::::::::6
6. Pods with membranous wings forming a notch at the top of the fruit
Yarutka field
0. Pods without wings:::::::::::::::::::::::7
7. The plant is grayish-green from small hairs that cover the stem and leaves
Hiccup grey-green
0 The stem is strongly branched, by the time the fruit ripens, it is bare below, without leaves. Oval-shaped pods with a notch at the top. 0
Weed bug.
Many cruciferous plants, such as wild radish, common colza, shepherd's purse, field yaruka are good honey plants. Many insects feed on the nectar formed in their flowers. Cruciferous leaves are the food of slugs, beetles, caterpillars, which, in turn, are eaten by other animals.
Wild cruciferous are often found among cultivated crops. Therefore, they are classified as weeds. They form a huge number of seeds, the germination of which remains in the soil for a number of years. Shepherd's purse, for example, can form 2-3 generations in one summer. geographic biomorphological leaf inflorescence
Nutritional value. Cabbage is the main food plant in countries of temperate latitudes. The taste qualities of varieties such as kohlrabi, cauliflower and its varieties of broccoli are undeniable. Many local varieties are especially preferred by the population of certain countries. So, one of the oldest cultivated plants cultivated in China and Japan are Chinese cabbage (B. chinensis) and Beijing cabbage (B. pekinensis). As vegetable plants among cruciferous, various varieties of radish and radish (Raphanus sativus) are also widely known, as hot spices are horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and Sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea). One of the cultivated horticultural crops is watercress, which is grown on a large scale in the Caucasus. A number of wild-growing cruciferous plants are also used as a salad, such as spoonwort (Cochlearia), indau (Eruca sativa), colza (Barbarea vulgaris), watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and many others, and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) is already more 100 years in China bred as a vegetable.
Sarepta mustard oil has food applications, mainly in the confectionery and baking industries and in the manufacture of margarine and canned food, and the powder (cake) is table mustard.
Production. big economic importance has a number of cultivated oilseeds: rapeseed (Brassica napus var. napus), Sarepta mustard, black mustard (Brassica nigra), white mustard (Sinapis alba), camelina (Camelina saliva), Abyssinian katran (Crambe abyssinica). Of these, in temperate latitudes, the most productive oil plant is rapeseed, the seeds of which contain up to 50% oil. It has a purely technical application - it is used for hardening steels, after special treatment it is well vulcanized, forming a rubbery mass (factis), which is used to soften hard rubbers and make pencil erasers.
Camelina is the only cultivated plant among the cruciferous plants that produces a semi-drying oil. It is used in soap making, for the manufacture of drying oil and as a lubricant for tractors.
Stern. Valuable fodder plants such as swede (Brassica napus var. napobrassica), turnip and turnip (Brassica rapa) also belong to the cruciferous family. In addition, fodder cabbage, rapeseed and bee bread (a hybrid of rapeseed and fodder cabbage) are sown as green fodder.
Medicine. Due to the high content of vitamins, especially vitamin C, many cruciferous plants are widely used in traditional medicine. The herb of some species of jaundice (Erysimum) contains erysimilactone, which is used in cardiac preparations. Shepherd's purse, one of the most popular plants in Tibetan and Chinese medicine, has a strong hemostatic effect.
Decorative. In cruciferous floriculture, various varieties of levkoy (Matthiola incana) are widely known, as well as some types of seaside beetroot (Alyssurn), used in the design of flower beds and as border plants. Many wild-growing species are also highly decorative, which deserves special attention.
The cruciferous family includes about 4 thousand species. family in a different way cruciferous called a family cabbage. Among them there are both annuals, biennials and perennials. Mostly it's herbs. Cabbage plants belong to the class of dicotyledonous plants.
The cruciferous family includes many cultivated plants of great agricultural importance. These are cabbage, field mustard, levkoy, garden radish, radish, turnip, rutabaga, etc.
Representatives of the cruciferous family are pollinated by insects. Therefore, they have bright smelling inflorescences. They are honey plants.
Another important value of cabbage - in many of their species, the seeds contain a large number of vegetable oils (mustard, rapeseed), which a person uses for food and for other purposes.
Characteristics of the cruciferous family
The name of the family is associated with the structural features of the flower. Its four petals are arranged crosswise. In cruciferous, not only the corolla consists of four petals. The same is true of the calyx, which has four sepals. There is one pistil and six stamens, two of which are short and four are long.
Usually small cruciferous flowers are collected in a raceme inflorescence.
The fruits are pods or so-called pods (short pods).
The arrangement of the leaves is alternate, or in a basal rosette.
Root system of rod type. A number of cruciferous representatives form roots.
wild cruciferous plants
Many wild cruciferous plants are also weeds in agricultural fields, that is, they are weeds.
wild radish It has an upright stem, covered with hairs at the bottom. The arrangement of the leaves is alternate. The flowers are usually yellow, relatively large, collected in a raceme. Mass flowering is observed in June, but wild radish can also bloom in autumn. The pods have transverse constrictions. Along these constrictions, the pods, when ripe, break up into separate fragments containing one seed each.
At common colza the flowers are smaller than those of the wild radish. The fruit of the colza has the usual structure for pods: the seeds grow on the partition between the valves. Common colza mostly blooms in May. During the summer, she manages to form fruits and seeds that germinate in the autumn of the same year. In this case, a plant with a short stem and a rosette of leaves is formed. And in the spring of next year, long ordinary shoots develop.
At shepherd's bag flowers are small and white. Pods resemble triangular bags. In one summer, several generations of shepherd's purse are replaced, as it quickly blooms and bears fruit. This is an unpretentious widespread plant.
Cultivated cruciferous
The best known cruciferous plant of agricultural importance is cabbage. Man has been growing this plant since ancient times. Currently, there are many varieties of cabbage (white, cauliflower, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, etc.).
Cultivated varieties of cabbage originated from wild cabbage, which does not form heads.
White cabbage is a biennial plant. The head of cabbage is formed in the first year of life. If you want to get seeds, then they dig out the whole plant and plant it again next spring. Stems with leaves and flowers develop from its axillary and apical buds. The flowers have a yellowish tint, collected in a brush.
Kachan, which formed shoots and inflorescences
Mustard, radish, turnip, radish, rapeseed, turnip, horseradish, camelina, etc. are also cultural cruciferous.
lesson type - combined
Methods: partially exploratory, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.
Target:
Students' awareness of the significance of all the issues discussed, the ability to build their relationship with nature and society based on respect for life, for all living things as a unique and priceless part of the biosphere;
Tasks:
Educational: to show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and beneficial factors", the diversity of life on planet Earth and the options for adapting living beings to the entire range of environmental conditions.
Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently acquire knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; the ability to analyze information, highlight the main thing in the studied material.
Educational:
Formation of an ecological culture based on the recognition of the value of life in all its manifestations and the need for a responsible, careful attitude to the environment.
Formation of understanding of the value of a healthy and safe lifestyle
Personal:
education of Russian civil identity: patriotism, love and respect for the Fatherland, a sense of pride in their homeland;
Formation of a responsible attitude to learning;
3) Formation of a holistic worldview, corresponding to the current level of development of science and social practice.
cognitive: the ability to work with various sources of information, convert it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.
Regulatory: the ability to organize independently the execution of tasks, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.
Communicative: Formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, older and younger in the process of educational, socially useful, teaching and research, creative and other activities.
Planned results
Subject: know - the concepts of "habitat", "ecology", "environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "connections of living and non-living";. Be able to - define the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, give examples.
Personal: make judgments, search and select information; analyze connections, compare, find an answer to a problematic question
Metasubject:.
1. The ability to independently plan ways to achieve goals, including alternative ones, to consciously choose the most effective ways to solve educational and cognitive problems.
2. Formation of the skill of semantic reading.
Form of organization of educational activities - individual, group
Teaching methods: visual and illustrative, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with DER.
Receptions: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, transfer of information from one type to another, generalization.
Objectives: to continue the formation of ideas about the diversity of flowering plants; introduce typical representatives of the cruciferous family; show the ecological role of plants of this family and their importance in human life and economic activity; continue the formation of skills in working with natural objects, performing a biological drawing; to form the ability to recognize plants with a determinant or identification cards.
Equipment and materials: table "Cruciferous family", herbariums of plants of the cruciferous family, cabbage flower model, collections and dummies of fruits (collection of various pods and pods), seeds and roots of plants of the cruciferous family, school identifiers of higher plants, identification cards for recognizing plants of the cruciferous family , magnifiers.
Key words and concepts: dicotyledonous class, cruciferous family; interesting representatives of the cruciferous family; the use of plants of the family in various branches of human activity: food, fodder, honey, oil and essential oil crops; medicinal plants, weeds, dye plants, ornamental plants of the cruciferous family; ecological role of cruciferous plants.
Learning new material
Teacher's story with elements of conversation
In the last lesson, we began to study the families of plants of the dicotyledonous class.
What families belong to this class? (Cruciferous, Rosaceae, Legumes, Solanaceae, Compositae.)
What is the other name of the cruciferous family? (Ka-empty.)
What is the approximate number of plants in this family? (About 3200 plant species belonging to 350 genera. This is one of the largest families.)
Why do you think the plants of this family got such a name? (There are 4 elements of the perianth, petals of the corolla and sepals of the calyx in the flowers of plants of this family, and they are located crosswise - opposite each other.)
Where are cruciferous plants most common? (In the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in the Old World.)
Why do you think we start the study of families with cruciferous ones? (Student answers.)
Most of the plant species of this family live in the middle lane. In addition, a large number of species are used by humans as food. Let's try to determine what is the role of cruciferous plants in human life and economic activity.
Oral reports of schoolchildren
(The teacher gives the task in advance to prepare a mini-report for 2-3 minutes about one of the most interesting representatives of the cruciferous family.)
Teacher's story
Man grows different varieties cabbage for over 4000 years. Now there are about 50 species. Cabbage was known in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The Mediterranean is considered the birthplace of this vegetable. The ancestor of cultivated varieties of cabbage is wild cabbage, still found in some areas of the Mediterranean. At white-headed cabbages are eaten with a shortened shoot with an unblown apical bud.
Cabbage is a biennial plant. What does it mean? (Plants that live for about 2 years and then bear fruit and die are called biennials.)
Cabbage broccoli was known to the Romans in pre-Christian times. It is customary for this cabbage to have young shoots with green inflorescences. Broccoli is very tasty and healthy due to its high protein content.
At color cabbages are eaten without chlorophyll shoots with strongly overgrown inflorescences and underdeveloped flowers on thick pedicels. Brussels cabbage in the axils of the leaves forms small cabbages used for eating.
In addition, there are many more different varieties of this plant. All of them play a huge role in human nutrition. Cabbage is especially important for people on a diet, as it is rich in fiber and promotes proper digestion.
In addition to the well-known varieties of cabbage, they are also popular kohlrabi(does not have a head, but forms a spherical thickening of the stem), savoy, leaf and fodder, lettuce, Beijing.
In addition to cabbage, cruciferous plants include a fairly large number of plants that a person eats or uses as feed for livestock. These are radish, radish, turnip, swede, turnip, daikon.
Rutabagas, turnips and turnips are now used as fodder crops, and in past centuries they were an important food product and even helped to survive crop failures.
Cruciferous also includes horseradish. The long pureed rhizomes of this plant are used as a useful seasoning for various dishes. Horseradish is not only able to increase appetite, but also has a volatile effect. This is a valuable food and vitamin plant, which is also used in medicine.
Many cruciferous plants contain a fairly large amount fat. From the seeds of rapeseed, white mustard, Sarepta mustard, Abyssinian katran, Tatar katran, colza, spring camelina are squeezed out oil for food or technical purposes. For example, rape seeds contain up to 33-50% oil.
Leaf petioles and shoots Tatar katran are eaten, and in Central Asia, flour for flatbread is prepared from its roots. Roots, leaves and young stems are also eaten. sverbig eastern, growing in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in the south Western Siberia.
Roots Tatar katran
from seed mustard mustard powder is obtained, which is added as a seasoning to various dishes and flour when baking bread, and it is also used for various household purposes (in medicine, for example, for making mustard plasters, in everyday life - for washing dishes, etc.). d.).
Most cruciferous are both beautiful honey plants And essential oil plants - colza, rapeseed, woad, evening, hiccup, beetroot, mustard, etc.
Among the plants of the cruciferous family, there are many medicinal. For example, run shepherd's bag has long been used as a hemostatic agent. It is especially popular in Tibetan and Chinese medicine. shoots gray jaundice used in medicine as a cardiac and diuretic. From the herb of jaundice, the heart drug Erisid is obtained.
In the north of our country, where there is an acute problem of lack of vitamins, especially vitamin C, there is a growing arctic spoon, the leaves of which contain up to 0.2% vitamin C. Northern peoples often use this herb as an antiscorbutic agent. Seeds, leaves and stems spadefoot officinalis They have a characteristic smell of garlic, for which this plant got its name. The seeds and leaves of this plant are actively used in medicine.
Plant woad dye, living in the steppes and meadows of the southern part of Russia, is used to obtain indigo paint from it.
Among decorative plants of this family can be distinguished species such as levkoy. in the wild levkoy grow in Europe, Asia and even in Australia. Varieties of this plant bred as a result of selection work are cultivated. The flowers of the cultivated levkoy are terry due to the stamens, which have changed into petals. There are two varieties: gray-haired left and two-horned left.
IN floriculture There are also known types of beetroot seaside, used for decoration of flower beds and borders. As ornamental plants, they also grow garden wallflower, bare-stemmed pariah, resurrecting moonflower and evening violet.
Plants of the cruciferous family are especially valued in floriculture for their pleasant delicate aroma. In many plants, it tends to intensify at night.
Ecological the role of cruciferous is that they are beautiful honey plants, which plays an important role not only in human economic activity, but also in the life of natural communities. Most honey plants bloom throughout the growing season - from spring to late autumn. They are an important food source for many pollinating insects.
weeds, active both in wet and dry seasons and requiring special methods of dealing with them in fields and meadows are colza, jaundice, yarutka, sverbiga, wild radish, shepherd's purse.
Creative task. Sketch all areas of use of plants of the cruciferous family.
Assignments for students interested in biology.
Make identification cards for recognizing plants in the biology room. In this case, only external (phenotypic) signs that are clearly visible should be taken into account.
Prepare a report on interesting plants of the Rosaceae family, on the features of their structure and on the economic use of these plants.
O.A. Kornilov, V.S. Kuchmenko Biology: Grade 6: a textbook for students of educational institutionsSerebryakova T.I., Elenevsky A. G., Gulenkova M. A. et al. Biology. Plants, Bacteria, Fungi, Lichens. Trial textbook for grades 6-7 of high school
N.V. Preobrazhenskaya Biology workbook for the textbook by V. V. Pasechnik “Biology Grade 6. Bacteria, fungi, plants
V.V. Pasechnik. Manual for teachers of educational institutions Biology lessons. 5th-6th grades
Kalinina A.A. Lesson developments in biology Grade 6
Vakhrushev A.A., Rodygina O.A., Lovyagin S.N. Verification and control work to
textbook "Biology", 6th grade
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