(the essay is divided into pages)
The theme of human destiny, which is formed under the influence of various historical events, has always been one of the most important in Russian literature. Tolstoy, and Turgenev, and Dostoevsky addressed her. The well-known writer, master of wide epic canvases M. A. Sholokhov did not bypass her. In his works, he reflected all the most important stages of history in the life of our country. The fate of his hero, a simple Russian man, the writer drew against the backdrop of military battles and peaceful battles, showing that not only history makes its own strict judgment, but also a person makes history, carrying its heavy burden on his shoulders.
In 1956, Sholokhov, in an amazingly short time - just a few days - wrote his famous story "The Fate of a Man". However, the creative history of this work takes many years: between the accidental meeting of the author with a person, the prototype of Andrei Sokolov, and the appearance of the story, ten whole years pass. And all these years the persistent need to speak out and convey to people the confession he once heard has lived in the writer.
"The Fate of a Man" is a story about great suffering and about the great stamina of a simple person, which embodied all the traits of the Russian character: patience, modesty, responsiveness, a sense of human dignity, merged with a sense of great patriotism, devotion to one's Fatherland.
From the very beginning of the story, describing the signs of the first post-war spring, the author prepares us for a meeting with the main character Andrei Sokolov. Before us appears a man in a burnt, roughly darned padded jacket, whose eyes are "filled with inescapable mortal longing." Having found an interlocutor in the face of the author, he restrainedly and wearily, placing his large dark hands on his knees, hunched over, begins his confession about the past, in which he had to "sip goryushka up to the nostrils and above."
The fate of Sokolov is full of such hard trials, such irreparable losses, that it seems impossible for a person to endure all this and not break down, not lose heart. But this simple soldier and worker, overcoming all physical and moral suffering, retains in himself a pure soul, wide open to goodness and light. His difficult fate reflects the fate of the entire generation.
The same age as the century, Andrei participates in the civil war, in the ranks of the Red Army fights against the enemies of Soviet power. In the hungry twenties, he leaves his native Voronezh village and ends up in the Kuban. At this time, father, mother and sister die of hunger at home. Returns back to Voronezh, works as a carpenter, mechanic, driver. He meets a girl Irina, with whom he will create a wonderful family. He dreams of a happy life with his "wife-girlfriend" and children. But the war destroys all plans and hopes. Andrei, like millions of Soviet people, goes to the front.
His path on the roads of a great war is difficult and tragic. And the milestones on this path are feats, accomplished mainly not on the battlefield, but in the conditions of fascist captivity, behind the barbed wire of a concentration camp. In inhuman conditions, the hero proves his moral superiority over the enemy, his stamina and courage. Intolerant of cowardice, cruelty and cowardice, he cracks down on a traitor who tried to betray his platoon commander to the Germans.
Deprived of the opportunity to fight the enemy with weapons, Sokolov demonstrates his superiority in a duel with the commandant of the camp, Muller, who turned out to be powerless in the face of the proud dignity and human greatness of the Russian soldier. The exhausted, emaciated, exhausted prisoner was ready to meet death with such courage and endurance that it strikes further the commandant who has lost his human appearance. "That's what, Sokolov, you are a real Russian soldier. You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and respect worthy opponents," the German officer is forced to admit.
But not only in a collision with the enemy, Sholokhov shows the manifestation of this heroic nature. A serious test for the hero is the loneliness that the war brought him. After all, Andrei Sokolov, a soldier who defended the independence of his homeland, who returned peace and tranquility to people, is losing everything he had in life: family, love, happiness. The harsh fate does not leave him even a haven on earth. It would seem that everything is over, but life "distorted" this man, but could not break him, kill the liar soul in him. Sokolov is alone, but he is not alone.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov is a truly outstanding Soviet writer. His talent is enormous, but the ability to subtly and painfully vitally show a simple person and his difficult fate gives him special significance. The pinnacle of this talent is the writer's story "The Fate of a Man".
The work begins from afar, as if by chance. The narrator describes his journey, crossing the river, the special charm of early spring. But then a couple of characters appear: a man and a boy. The author gets to know them, he strikes up a friendly conversation with a man, which reveals the plight of a casual acquaintance.
This man's name is Andrei Sokolov, and, as it turned out, his life is more than eventful, as he just didn’t shake, but shook in a terrible way, because his youth fell exactly on two wars: first civil, and then the Great Patriotic War. The first war took his family away from him, but he was still strong, worked hard, studied, married the “good girl” Irinka. Then he scooped up a sip of happiness: everything seemed to be going well, his wife is smart, three children acquired are also not upset. But the second, Great and terrible war with the Nazis came. Not understanding the frenzy and desperate tears of his wife, he confidently went to the front, but did Andrei know what this war would do to him and his whole family ...
At the front, he came in handy in his profession, served as a driver, which was also a dangerous business. So death once touched him with his scythe, when, during the execution of an assignment, the enemy “put a heavy one from a long-range ... near the car.” So he was captured by the Germans. And what only in this captivity did not see! But the strength of the Russian spirit, the insatiable will to win, always remained in him. Particularly indicative is the case when he, exhausted by hunger in the German camp, on the basis of a treacherous denunciation, found himself facing death for the second time - in front of commandant Müller. He believed that they were leading him to his death, but to the end he was firm in character, spoke confidently and clearly with the commandant. And Herr Müller, fortunately for him, turned out to be not a lousy man, but even with some dignity. He treated Andrey to schnapps and a snack, but he held on steadfastly, not showing his exhaustion. For this, the commandant pardoned him, and even provided him with a small "ration". And here Andrei showed himself to be a worthy person: he did not eat bread and lard, but carried it to his comrades.
You can talk about his misadventures for a long time, but the most important thing to note is the unchanging human features of Andrei Sokolov. Through all the physical and mental torment, after the bitter loss of his relatives, he survived and remained a real person. It was this that helped him understand and adopt the orphaned boy Vanka, who was able to at least slightly warm his heart, petrified by grief.
This short story by Sholokhov is a reflection of the fate of not just Andrei Sokolov and his “little son”, but the fate of every person who has fallen into the clutches of war. A fate that, it would seem, cannot be changed by oneself, but hope and perseverance can do the impossible.
The fate of Sholokhov's man is a work where the author reveals, using the example of the hero's life, the theme of a person's fate. In the work, the author showed the life of a hero who had to go through the years of the war.
Sholokhov wrote his work quickly, and it was based on the story of one person, the prototype of the protagonist, who shared his life story. This story became his confession, about which the writer could not remain silent. So he gave the world a work where he spoke about the suffering he had experienced, about the invincibility of a simple soldier, in whose character true Russian traits are manifested. We will write on the topic of the fate of man, which will help students write their final work on literature.
The fate of man short essay reasoning
M. A. Sholokhov wrote the story in 1956. The work begins with the meeting of the author with the hero of the story, Sokolov. It was a man whose eyes, as if covered with ashes, were filled with mortal anguish. And Sokolov saw an interlocutor who wanted to pour out his soul and he told about his fate. At the same time, we see that the fate of the whole people was reflected in the fate of one hero.
After reading the work, I would like to note that it was an ordinary hard worker. He had to live during the civil war, he survived the hungry twenties. After settling in Voronezh, he met his wife and dreamed of a family with many children. But, the war came and destroyed all his plans.
Went to the front and Sokolov. However, he is captured by the Nazis. He had to take a sip of bitter fate, living behind the barbed wire of a concentration camp. Listening to his story about the inhuman conditions in which the prisoners lived, we understand the cruelty of the enemy. Sokolov confesses in his confession and in the murder of a man. On the enemy, his. But it is difficult to call him his own, because he went to betrayal. Even Sokolov, exhausted by hunger, thinks first of all not about himself, but about his comrades, carrying food and sharing it in half with his comrades.
Our hero managed to survive the captivity, he returned home. Only no one sees him. In place of his house is now a bomb crater. The war not only brought him severe trials of captivity, but also loneliness, pain, taking forever his wife, home, hope for happiness. Having defended the right to a free life, elections for the independence of the Motherland, our hero loses everything at once.
It is striking that in spite of everything, this man is not broken, not bitter, his kind nature continued to live in him further. Yes, he cannot understand why fate is so cruel to him, why such torment, but the living soul still strives for life. And now fate, as if taking pity on him, sent a meeting with a little boy, from whom the war took away relatives and friends. Two loneliness met to reunite. Sokolov adopted the child, giving him all his warmth. And here we see the true manifestation of humanity.
Sections: Literature, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"
Class: 11
Presentation for the lesson
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Goals:
- consider the texts of M. Sholokhov's stories "The Mole" and "The Family Man" in order to form the cognitive competence of students;
- consolidate the skills of information technology and communication competencies;
- educate the competence of social interaction and personal self-development.
Lesson type: learning a new topic.
Conduct forms: individual, collective and group.
Methods: problem presentation, partially exploratory.
Equipment: texts of works, schemes: principles of plot construction, plot and composition.
Lesson plan.
I stage. Introduction to the topic:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Setting goals.
3. Understanding the epigraph for the lesson.
II stage. The study of the topic.
1. Work according to the schemes of literary analysis of the work.
2. Compilation of clusters based on the images of literary characters.
III stage. Summarizing.
1. Conclusions on the problem of the lesson.
2. The results of the lesson.
3. Homework.
Preparatory work for the lesson: prepare a message “Attitude
M. Sholokhov to the Cossacks”; read “Don stories” by M. Sholokhov; pay special attention to the stories “Birthmark”, “Family Man”, make clusters according to the images of Nikolka Koshevoy, ataman, Mikishara. (In a “weak” class, these tasks can be given individually)
Board decoration
Topic: The impact of the civil war on the fate of people.
(Comparative analysis of M.A. Sholokhov’s stories “The Mole” and “The Family Man”)
Problem: How did the civil war affect the fate of people?
Twenties in the picture
Sholokhov is time, irreversible
split the Russian world; This
the era of great grief of the people.
T.R. Gavrish
Plan.
1. The plot and composition of the stories "Birthmark", "Family Man".
2. Dramatic split of the Cossack world based on the images of Nikolka Koshevoy, Ataman and Mikishara.
I stage. Introduction to the topic.
1. Organizing moment.
2. Setting goals. In a “strong” class, students deduce the objectives of the lesson with the help of the teacher. In a “weak” class, the teacher himself sets goals:
Reveal Sholokhov's concept of a civil war;
To consolidate the skills of analyzing a prose work;
Cultivate a sense of compassion, kindness and attention to others.
3. Comprehension of the epigraph. Statement of the problematic question: how do you understand the words of the epigraph? What does T.R. Gavrish write about?
II stage. The study of the topic.
1. Message “M. Sholokhov about the life of the Cossacks in the Don stories”
Teacher - Sincere experience for the fate of the Cossacks M. Sholokhov outlined in many of his works, including in the "Don stories". We will consider these feelings, based on the stories “The Mole” and “The Family Man”. Let's compare the plots of these works. Please describe the plot of the story "Birthmark". (The story uses temporary
(chronicle) principle of plot construction, with digressions into the past (retrospectives). First, we see Nikolka Koshevoy, the squadron commander, who dreams of studying. Then the author shows a small retrospective of Nikolka's childhood, from which we learn about his father, who disappeared during the German war. The storyline is continued by the arrival of a courier who brought a package with a request from the chairman for help and protection from the gang ... etc. The story is told from the perspective of the author.
Why is the story called "The Mole"?
What is the composition of the story? (linear)
And now introduce us to the plot of the story "Family Man".
(The narrator tells about the events that took place during the years of the civil war. His image plays a big role in assessing the image of Mikishara. The plot is based on the temporal principle, characterized by constant flashbacks to the past, as well as a direct chronological sequence of events. We see the hero of the story working on the ferry, a demobilized (narrator) approaches him, with whom Mikishara opened up and spoke about the pain that lies on his soul ... etc.) The composition is linear.
Let's summarize our work.
Conclusion: Although the stories in the structural construction have slight differences, however, they are subject to a common theme: the image of a person in a civil war, the impact of war on relationships between loved ones.
And now let's turn to the story "The Mole" and make clusters according to the images of Nikolka and the chieftain.
When compiling clusters, the following questions are used:
What do Nikolka and his father have in common?
Can we call them “strong personalities”? Why?
What happens when strong personalities collide?
- Nikolka = chieftain
- in a collision, equivalent natures
- destroy each other
Could it have happened differently with Nikolka and the ataman? Let's find the episode of their collision. (The ataman turned his horse ... leaning from the saddle, waved his saber, for a moment felt how the body went limp under the blow and obediently slid to the ground) The father, like the son, was not used to retreating.
And if the chieftain recognized his son? (He would not have killed Nikolka.) Prove it. (- Sonny! .. Nikolushka! .. Dear! .. My little blood ...
Blackened, shouted:
Yes, just say a word! How is it, huh?
He fell, looking into the fading eyes; his eyelids, covered with blood, were shaking his limp, supple body as he lifted them... But Nikolka bit the blue tip of his tongue tightly, as if he was afraid to let it slip about something immeasurably large and important.
Pressing to his chest, the ataman kissed his son's freezing hands and, clenching his teeth
steamed Mauser steel, shot himself in the mouth ...)
Why does Mikishara, unlike the ataman, kill his beloved sons? To answer this question, let's make a cluster in the image of Mikishara.
Why did Mikishara open his soul to a stranger? (You are not your own person, an outsider)
How did Mikishara end up at the front? (Refused to go with his sons, but could not resist strangers at the gathering)
Why is he killing Danilka? Does he feel sorry for his son? (Yes. Telling, he worries. The ellipsis is a sign of restlessness of the soul. But he worries more about himself. After all, “I understood here: if I don’t hit him, then their own farms will kill me, little children will remain bitter orphans ...”)
What reward did Mikishara receive for killing his son? (I was promoted to senior officer for this case)
How did Mikishara feel about the murder of his second son? (... slanting eyes looked hard and impenitently ... If I had let you in, the Cossacks would have killed me, children around the world would have gone to Christ ...)
How do others feel about his victim? (“Too bad with you, dad, sit at the same table!” - says daughter Natasha)
How does the narrator feel about Mikishara? (The narrator rejects Mikishara’s “arithmetic”. “Hanging his head, the ferryman Mikishara looks at me with a heavy, standing look; a muddy dawn curls behind him.” Mikishara has no repentance, for there is no awareness of sin. The hero makes his choice, based on reason, approaching to human lives with quantitative measurements, rejecting God, despising the Christian commandment of love for one's neighbor, drowning out the voice of one's heart.)
What is common and what is the difference between the ataman from the story "The Mole" and Mikishara? (Both are strong, courageous. Getting into the whirlwind of civil war, they kill their children. But if the ataman kills his son out of ignorance, kills him as an enemy on the battlefield, then Mikishara kills his sons purposefully, having come up with an justifying “arithmetic” - “A there are seven of me on benches". Ataman, recognizing a son in the man he killed, repents and pronounces a sentence on himself - death. Mikishara, having killed his sons, lives, works, slightly worries, remembering the past, but does not repent of his deed)
III stage. Summarizing.
And if there had been no civil war, what would have been the fate of the heroes?
Let's answer the problematic question of our lesson: how did the civil war affect the fate of people? (Acute class struggle demarcated not only the Don, the village, the farm, but also the Cossack families. Father and son find themselves on opposite sides of the barricade. Thus, the conflict between red and white more and more gives way to another, more important conflict - between the centuries-old norms of human life and the inhumanity of fratricidal war. The civil war for M. Sholokhov is a catastrophe in which human ties collapse. There are no right and wrong, and therefore there can be no winners )
Lesson results.
Homework: level 3-4 students write a mini-essay on the topic “If there had been no war in the life of Nikolka Koshevoy”; Level 1-2 students describe the image they like.
Sample text of the message “M. Sholokhov about the life of the Cossacks in the Don Stories”
No one conveyed the life of the Cossacks so wonderfully as the great Russian writer Mikhail Sholokhov in his immortal works "Quiet Don", "Virgin Soil Upturned", as well as in "Don Stories". Mikhail Sholokhov himself is a hereditary Cossack, so he was able to preserve the brightness of their speech, imagery, traditions, and wisdom of the people. Mikhail Alexandrovich managed to describe the customs and manners of the Cossacks with maximum accuracy and incredible interest. It is very painful to read about what happened to the Cossacks after the revolution, when continuous destruction of the way of life begins, both from whites and from reds. Human destinies are collapsing, people are dying, the quiet Don begins to split. Some from the neighborhood go for the reds, others for the whites. The unity of the Cossacks is breaking down and it is very disappointing to watch all this, because this rift has hooked their souls.
The young writer Mikhail Sholokhov began his work on Don Stories in 1923. And already at the end of this year, his first stories are published, in which an acute tragedy is outlined, while his stories were not devoid of melodramatic elements. Most of these stories (nineteen in total) were included in the collection "Don Stories", which was published in 1926, and the collection "Azure Steppe", which was an addition to the first collection, was also published in 1926. There were only three stories in this collection: “A Family Man”, “Azure Steppe” and “Alien Blood”. Ultimately, the cycle consisted of 27 stories.
In the Don stories of M. Sholokhov there is no poetization of death, which is typical for romantic poems about the heroes of the revolution. In Sholokhov, people die ugly simply. The heroes of the Don stories do not indulge in sublime thoughts, they talk about their own - sometimes everyday and completely unpoetic. Such is life, but it is precisely such that it is beautiful for Sholokhov. He could repeat the words of L. Tolstoy: "The hero of my story ... who has always been, is and will be beautiful is true."
His first story "The Mole" was published in 1924 in the magazine "Young Leninist". He represented a kind of figurative epigraph to the entire cycle of his stories. In his stories, Sholokhov tries to describe the pre-war life of the Don Cossacks. At that time, few people understood what they were, the Cossacks. The writer decided to show everyone the whole world of special habits, norms of behavior and psychology, the world of the most complex human relationships. "Don stories" - the dramatic fate of the Don Cossacks during the First World War and civil war. All stories are united by the place of action - the events unfold in the open spaces of the Don. The pages of the works are thickly saturated with blood, and the blood of the closest relatives: “Brother against brother”, “son against father”, “father against son” rise up in the most literal sense. Many of the heroes of the stories are real people, mostly residents of the Kargina farm. But Sholokhov sharpens all the events, exaggerates: death, blood, torment, hunger, torture is presented in an exclusively naturalistic way.
Very accurately, sociologically, Sholokhov draws two main types of people into which the Cossacks, reflected in his stories, were divided at that time. The first type represents the majority and is most often the fathers, rooted in tradition, in the meager economy acquired by generations, serving, first of all, for the well-being of their family and the continuation of the clan, work and tradition. These are vigorous and indigenous Cossacks, such as the father of the food commissar Bodyagin (“Food commissar”), who drove his fourteen-year-old son out of the house after being shot with the consent of his father. There are many such hosts, unrestrained in anger, who are ready to wash away the insult with blood for an encroachment on their way of life and values.
If for the elders their traditions and the age-old father-grandfather way of life are sacred, then the young oppose all this, try to break and destroy this way of life. These are orphans or younger sons who take the side of the Bolsheviks. They stop going to church, being baptized into icons before eating, and instead run to the club, to Komsomol meetings. This is represented by the twenty-year-old Fyodor (“Bakhchevnik”), who dreams of universal equality. The fight against the younger and disobedient generation can be carried out only with the help of one method: strictly - "Chop the sick branch without regret." And it was under this slogan that bloody crimes were committed against the younger generation.
The heroes of the "Don Stories" do not indulge in lofty dreams, their language is quite simple everyday and not at all poetic. Also in these stories there are no doubting heroes, those who have chosen the “third way”. The writer draws his pictures only in black and white, soaked in red blood, and there can be no intertones.