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Text content of presentation slides: THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ IN THE NOVEL WAR AND PEACE by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy One of the central events in Tolstoy's work is the Battle of Austerlitz, tragic for the Russian State. A huge role falls on him to convey the author of his ideas. In the Battle of Austerlitz, the Russian-Austrian troops were defeated by Napoleon's troops. The main reason for this victory of Napoleon was the mistakes of the actual commanders of the allied army of the emperors of Russia and Austria, Alexander I and Franz II. Traditionally, the author gives a short introduction to the upcoming battle. He describes the mood of Prince Andrei on the night before the supposed decisive battle of his life. Tolstoy gives an emotional inner monologue of the hero. He sees the confusion of all military commanders. Here he gets his chance to become famous, which has haunted him for so long in his cherished dreams. “I will never tell anyone this, but, my God! what am I to do if I love nothing but glory, human love. Death, wounds, loss of family, nothing scares me. And no matter how dear or dear to me are many people - father, sister, wife - the people dearest to me - but, no matter how terrible and unnatural it seems, I will give them all now for a moment of glory, triumph over people, for love for to myself people whom I do not know and will not know, for the love of these people” Tolstoy skillfully describes the battle on behalf of Prince Andrei. This is one of the most impressive pictures of the epic - a global turning point in the worldview of a person, sharp and unexpected. The prince knows that Napoleon will directly participate in the battle. He dreams of meeting him personally. According to the forecasts of all the commanders, the battle must be won. Therefore, Andrei is so busy with the disposition. He carefully observes the course of the battle, notices the servility of staff officers. All groups under the commander-in-chief wanted only one thing - ranks and money. The common people did not understand the significance of the military events. Therefore, the troops so easily turned into a panic, because they defended the interests of others. Many complained about the dominance of the Germans in the ranks. Prince Andrei is enraged by the mass exodus of soldiers. For him, this means shameful cowardice. At the same time, the hero is struck by the actions of the headquarters top. Bagration is busy not organizing a huge army, but maintaining its fighting spirit. Kutuzov is well aware that it is physically impossible to lead such a mass of people standing on the edge of life and death. He monitors the development of the mood of the troops. But Kutuzov is also at a loss. The sovereign, whom Nikolai Rostov admired so much, himself takes to flight. The war turned out to be unlike magnificent parades. The flight of the Apsheronians, which Prince Andrei saw, served as a signal of fate for him: “Here it is, the decisive moment has come! It came to me, ”thinks Prince Andrei and, hitting the horse, grabs the banner from the hands of the standard-bearer, who was killed by a bullet, and leads the regiment into the attack, but he himself is seriously wounded. Putting his hero on the brink of life and death, Tolstoy thereby tests the truth of his beliefs, the morality of his ideals - and Bolkonsky's individualistic dreams do not stand this test. In the face of death, everything untrue, superficial disappears, and only eternal surprise remains before the wisdom and unshakable beauty of nature, embodied in the boundless sky of Austerlitz. Andrei thinks: “How could I not have seen this high sky before? Everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky. There is nothing, nothing but him, but even that is not there, there is nothing but silence, calmness. And glory to God! Waking up after oblivion, Andrei first of all remembers the sky, and only after that he hears steps and voices. This approaches Napoleon with his retinue. Napoleon was the idol of Andrei, like many young people of that time. Bolkonsky could not count on meeting his idol in any way; in any other case, such a meeting would be happiness for him. But not now. So unexpectedly for himself having discovered the existence of the eternal high sky, not yet understanding, but already feeling a change in himself, Andrei at this moment does not change that new one that has opened to him. He did not turn his head, did not look in Napoleon's direction. This psychological state of great change is also felt in the hospital. A new, not yet fully realized truth withstands another test - another meeting with an idol. Napoleon comes to look at the wounded Russians, and, remembering Prince Andrei, turns to him. But Prince Andrei only silently looks at Napoleon, not answering him. Andrei simply has nothing to say to his recent idol. For him, the old values no longer exist. “Looking into Napoleon’s eyes, Prince Andrei thought about the insignificance of life, which no one could understand the meaning of, and the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one could understand and explain from the living.” That's what Andrew thinks now. Under the sky of Austerlitz, a new road to truth opened up for him, he freed himself from those vain thoughts that he had lived before. Ultimately, Andrei comes to the idea of the need for spiritual unity of people.
The battle of Austerlitz between the allied army of Russia and Austria and the army of France during the Russian-Austrian-French war took place in 1805, on November 20. The Allied army, in which the Russian and Austrian emperors were, was commanded by M.I. Kutuzov, the French army is Emperor Napoleon, so the battle has another historical name: "The Battle of the Three Emperors."
Contrary to the objections of Kutuzov, the monarch insisted that the Russian army stop retreating and, without waiting for the Buxgevden army that had not yet approached, entered the battle of Austerlitz with the French. The allied troops suffered a heavy defeat in it and were forced to retreat in disarray.
The battle of Austerlitz was used by the writer Leo Tolstoy as a key episode in the first volume of the novel War and Peace. It carries a great and very important load for revealing the characters of the characters.
One of the main characters of the novel (Andrey Bolkonsky) has high hopes for the upcoming Battle of Austerlitz, he thinks of it as “his Toulon”, by analogy with the beginning of the dizzying military career of the current enemy, the Emperor of France. The desire for fame and human recognition becomes the only goal of his life, in addition, he wants to meet his idol, Napoleon, on the battlefield. The prince admired him, the life of a former corporal who became emperor served as proof that a person can have a significant impact on the course of history.
The battle of Austerlitz in War and Peace is seen by the reader through the eyes of Prince Andrei, who serves at the headquarters of Commander Kutuzov. The entire entourage of the commander-in-chief is preoccupied with receiving money and ranks. The enemy troops turned out to be much closer than expected, which led to panic and a shameful flight of the Russian troops. Prince Andrei, wishing to maintain military morale, raises the fallen banner and drags the soldiers of the regiment behind him.
The writer psychologically correctly conveys the inner state of a person in a fatal way. During a heroic attack, the prince sees an absolutely not sublime, but an everyday scene of a fight between an officer and a soldier for a bannik. Following this, Andrei finally felt that he was wounded and was falling. As he fell, the scene of the fight was suddenly replaced by a picture of a high, boundless piercing blue sky with quietly creeping clouds. It so fascinated and completely captured his attention that the French emperor drove up and mistook him for a heroically deceased.
Emperor Napoleon always traveled around the battlefield to enjoy victory and his own greatness. He could not fail to notice the lying prince, Andrei heard the words of the emperor about a glorious death, but perceived them as an empty and annoying sound. In one second, everything changed in the mind, the pettiness and insignificance of glory, recognition, greatness became clear, the outcome of the battle ceased to interest. Everything that happened turned out to be so far from everything Prince Bolkonsky dreamed of that the sight of a calm, deep, clear and eternal sky allowed him to realize all the futility and vanity of earthly battles, flight and everything that he dreamed of the day before.
With the hero a new life began, it became a symbol of renewal and began to personify for him the coldness and unattainability of the ideal.
The description of the battle of Austerlitz is one of the plot and compositional nodes of the novel, its first volume. The battle plays an important role in the fate of all the main characters, their lives change. The most fundamental changes take place in the life of Andrei Bolkonsky: the death of his wife, the birth of a son, an attempt to make a career in the civilian field, love for Natalya Rostova. All these ups and downs will lead him to the main event in his life - participation in the Battle of Borodino, in which he is destined to accomplish a real, and not a romantic feat, and no longer for the sake of ephemeral greatness, but for the glory of the Motherland and life on Earth.
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The allied army is preparing for the battle of Austerlitz. The headquarters are discussing the battle plan. Kutuzov knows that it will be lost. While the Austrian General Weyrother is reading the disposition, he is sleeping. Prince Andrei also had a battle plan ready, but he failed to present it.
On the night before the battle, Prince Andrei dreams of how he will find his Toulon tomorrow. When the army is defeated, he will express his plan to both sovereigns. Bolkonsky alone will lead a division into battle and win the battle. And the next battle will also be won by him alone. In dreams, he already takes the place of Kutuzov.
The prince admits to himself that he wants only one thing - glory. For her, he is ready to give the most relatives and friends: father, sister, wife. At five in the morning, the movement of allied troops begins. People can't see anything because of the heavy fog and smoke from the fires.
Kutuzov, who leads one of the columns of the allied troops, is gloomy and in no hurry to start the battle. The sovereign is dissatisfied and asks why Kutuzov is hesitant, because they are not at the parade and Not on the Tsaritsyn Meadow.
Kutuzov replies that he does not start precisely because they are not at the parade and not at the Tsaritsyn Meadow. Everyone understands his irony. Obeying Alexander, Kutuzov gives the order to attack. The fog begins to dissipate. The Russians suddenly see the French, who are much closer than everyone expected.
The troops are running. Prince Andrei stops them for a while: with a banner in his hands, he runs forward, followed by a battalion. Hand-to-hand combat begins. Wounded, Bolkonsky falls. He sees no longer fighting people, but a high sky, calm and solemn. He's surprised he hasn't noticed it yet.
Rostov is on the right flank, which at nine o'clock in the morning has not yet joined the battle. Bagration sends him to Kutuzov. On the way, Rostov sees crowds of upset Russian soldiers. He also sees the sovereign: he is very pale.
The hero regrets that, due to his indecision, he could not approach Alexander and another person, Captain Tol, helped him cross the ditch. The emperor shook his hand. The battle is lost.
The Russians flee, on a narrow dam they are fired upon by French artillery. Dolokhov jumps on the ice, shouting that he is holding. However, the ice bends and cracks. Others follow him and drown.
Prince Andrey lies on the Pracen height. Napoleon circles the battlefield: in this way, considering the dead and wounded, he educates himself for strength of mind.
Looking at Bolkonsky, he says that his death is beautiful. To a prince who sees the sky, Napoleon's speech seems to be nothing more than the buzzing of a fly. Andrei groans, he is taken to the hospital.
The battle that took place in the early winter of 1805 near Austerlitz, a town in Moravia, finally cemented Napoleon's fame as one of the greatest generals in history, an outstanding tactician and strategist. Having forced the Russian-Austrian army to "play by its own rules", Napoleon first put his troops on the defensive, and then, after waiting for the right moment, launched a crushing counterattack and defeated the enemy. Until tomorrow evening, this whole (Russian-Austrian) army will be mine. Napoleon, December 1, 1805
The forces of the parties The Allied army numbered 85 thousand people (60 thousand Russian army, 25 thousand Austrian army with 278 guns) under the general command of General M. I. Kutuzov. Napoleon's army numbered 73.5 thousand people. Demonstration of superior forces, Napoleon was afraid to scare the allies. In addition, foreseeing the development of events, he believed that these forces would be sufficient for victory. Napoleon used the apparent weakness of his army, as this only added to the resolve of the advisers of Emperor Alexander I. His adjutants, Prince Pyotr Dolgorukov and Baron Ferdinand Wintzingerode, convinced the emperor that now the Russian army, led by His Imperial Majesty, was quite capable of defeating Napoleon himself in a pitched battle. This was exactly what Alexander I wanted to hear.
Military council on the eve of the battle The unpopularity, the senselessness of the campaign of the years is especially truthfully revealed by Tolstoy in the pictures of the preparation and conduct of the battle of Austerlitz. In the highest circles of the army, it was believed that this battle was necessary and timely, that Napoleon was afraid of him. Only Kutuzov understood that it was not needed and would be lost. Tolstoy ironically describes the reading by the Austrian General Weyrother of the battle plan he invented, according to which “the first column is marching ... the second column is marching ... the third column is marching ...”, and the possible actions and movements of the enemy are not taken into account. All the leaders of the columns gathered at the military council before the battle of Austerlitz, "with the exception of Prince Bagration, who refused to come." Tolstoy does not explain the reasons that prompted Bagration not to appear at the council, they are already clear. Realizing the inevitability of defeat, Bagration did not want to participate in a senseless military council.
At the council, there is a clash not of opinions, but of vanities. The generals, each of whom is convinced that he is right, can neither agree among themselves nor yield to one another. It would seem that this is a natural human weakness, but it will bring great trouble, because no one wants to see and hear the truth. Therefore, Kutuzov did not pretend at the council "he really slept", with an effort opening his only eye "to the sound of Weyrother's voice."
The bewilderment of Prince Andrei is also understandable. His mind and already accumulated military experience suggest: there will be trouble. But why didn't Kutuzov express his opinion to the tsar? “Is it really necessary for court and personal considerations to risk tens of thousands and my, my life?” thinks Prince Andrew. It now speaks the same feeling with which Nikolai Rostov ran to the bushes in the Battle of Shengraben: “Kill me? Me, whom everyone loves so much!” But these thoughts and feelings of Prince Andrei are resolved differently than in Rostov: he not only does not run away from danger, but goes towards it. Prince Andrei could not live if he ceased to respect himself, if he humiliated his dignity. But, in addition, there is vanity in him, there is still a boy living in him, a youth who, before the battle, is carried far away by dreams: “And now that happy moment, that Toulon, which he has been waiting for so long ... He firmly and clearly speaks his opinion ... Everyone is amazed ... and now he takes a regiment, a division ... The next battle was won by him alone. Kutuzov is replaced, he is appointed ... "
A quarter of a century ago, the stately handsome Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky near Chesma or Izmail dreamed of how the decisive hour was coming, Potemkin was being replaced, he was appointed ... And fifteen years later, a thin boy with a thin neck, the son of Prince Andrei, would see in a dream an army ahead of which he walks next to his father, and, waking up, will take an oath to himself: “Everyone will know, everyone will love me, everyone will admire me ... I will do what even he would be pleased with ...” (He is the father, Prince Andrei. ) The Bolkonskys are vain, but their dreams are not about awards: “I want fame, I want to be known to people, I want to be loved by them ...” - Prince Andrei thinks in front of Austerlitz. Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky. Artist D. Shmarinov. Nikolenka Bolkonsky. Artist V. Serov.
Here, on the Pratsenskaya mountain, almost delirious, Prince Andrey will experience moments that will change his life in many ways, determine his entire future. He will hear voices and understand the French phrase spoken over him: "Here is a beautiful death!" “Prince Andrei understood that this was said about him and that Napoleon was talking ... He knew that Napoleon was his hero, but at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person in comparison with what was happening between his soul and this high endless sky with clouds running across it ... ”Prince Andrey on the Pratsensky mountain. Artist A. Nikolaev
Accusatory motifs predominate in the scenes of the battle of Austerlitz and the episodes preceding it. The writer reveals the anti-people nature of the war, shows the criminal mediocrity of the Russian-Austrian command. It is no coincidence that Kutuzov was essentially removed from decision-making. With pain in his heart, the commander realized the inevitability of the defeat of the Russian army. Meanwhile, the climax in the depiction of the Battle of Austerlitz is heroic. Tolstoy shows that the defeat at Austerlitz was a disgrace to the Russian-Austrian generals, but not to Russian soldiers. Prince Andrei with a banner in his hands in the attack near Austerlitz. Artist V. Serov. 1951–1953
Nikolai Rostov, in love with the tsar, dreams of his own: to meet the adored emperor, to prove his devotion to him. But he meets Bagration and volunteers to check whether the French arrows are standing where they stood yesterday. “Bagration shouted to him from the mountain so that he would not go further than the stream, but Rostov pretended not to hear his words, and, without stopping, went on and on ...” Bullets buzz over him, shots are heard in the fog, but in his soul there is no longer the fear that owned him under Shengraben. During the battle on the right flank, Bagration does what Kutuzov failed to do near the tsar, delays time in order to save his detachment. He sends Rostov to find Kutuzov (and Nikolai dreams of a tsar) and ask if it is time to join the battle on the right flank. Bagration hoped that the messenger would not return until evening... Until now, we have seen the battle through the eyes of Prince Andrei, who bitterly understood what was happening in front of him. Now Tolstoy passes on an observant position to the uncomprehending, enthusiastic Rostov.
Rostov already feels the madness of what is happening. No matter how little he is experienced, but when he hears “in front of him and behind our troops ... close gunfire”, he thinks: “The enemy is in the rear of our troops? It can't be...” This is where courage wakes up in Rostov. Whatever it is, however, he thought, there is nothing to go around now. I must look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything is lost, then it is my business to die together with everyone. “Rostov thought about it and went exactly in the direction where he was told that he would be killed.” He feels sorry for himself as he felt sorry for Shengraben. He thinks about his mother, remembers her last letter and pities himself for her... But all this is different, not like it was under Shengraben, because he learned, hearing his fear, not to obey him. He still rides forward, “no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself,” and suddenly he sees his adored emperor alone, in the middle of an empty field, and does not dare to drive up, turn, help, show your devotion. And indeed, what is there to ask now, when the day is coming to evening, the army is defeated, and only Bagration's detachment is saved thanks to the reasonable cunning of his commander.
Depicting military actions and historical characters of emperors and military leaders, the writer criticizes the deceitful state power and people who arrogantly tried to influence the course of events. He considered the military alliances concluded in pure hypocrisy: after all, completely different interests and intentions were hidden behind them. "Friendship" between Napoleon and Alexander I could not prevent the war. Enormous troops had accumulated on both sides of the Russian border, and a clash of two historical forces was inevitable. Meeting of two emperors in Tilsit. Engraving by Lebo from Nadia's original
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In the autumn of 1805, Russian troops won the battle near Shengraben. The victory was unexpected and easy due to the circumstances, so the Third Coalition, waging war with Napoleon, was inspired by success. The emperors of Russia and Austria decided to give the French army another lesson near the city of Austerlitz, underestimating the enemy. Leo Tolstoy describes the battle of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" on the basis of studied documents, dispositions of troops and facts found in numerous historical sources.
Dawn before the battle
They went into battle with the first rays of the sun in order to have time to kill each other before dark. At night, it was not clear who was ours, and who were the enemy soldiers. The left flank of the Russian army was the first to move, it was sent according to its disposition to break the right flank of the French and push them back into the Bohemian mountains. Fires were burned to destroy everything that could not be carried with them, so as not to leave strategic values \u200b\u200bto the enemy in case of defeat.
The soldiers felt the imminent performance, guessed the approach of the signal from the silent Austrian columnists, flickering among the Russian troops. The columns moved, each soldier did not know where he was heading, but he walked with his usual step in the crowd with a thousand feet of his regiment. The fog was very thick, and the smoke was eating away at the eyes. It was not visible either to the area from which everyone was coming out, nor to those surroundings where they were approaching.
Those who walked in the middle asked what they could see along the edges, but no one saw anything in front of them ten paces ahead. Everyone told each other that Russian columns were coming from all sides, even from behind. The news was reassuring, because everyone was pleased that the whole army was going where he was going. Leo Tolstoy, with his characteristic humanism, reveals the simple human feelings of people who go through a foggy dawn to kill and be killed, as military duty requires.
morning battle
The soldiers marched for a long time in a milky fog. Then they felt disorder in their ranks. It is good that the cause of the fuss could be attributed to the Germans: the Austrian command decided that there was a long distance between the center and the right flank. The free space must be filled with the Austrian cavalry from the left flank. The entire cavalry, on the orders of the higher authorities, turned sharply to the left.
The generals quarreled, the spirit of the troops fell, and Napoleon watched the enemy from above. The emperor could clearly see the enemy, who was scurrying around below, like a blind kitten. By nine o'clock in the morning the first shots were heard here and there. The Russian soldiers could not see where to shoot and where the enemy was moving, so orderly shooting began over the Goldbach River.
Orders did not arrive in time, because the adjutants wandered with them for a long time in the thick morning mist. The first three columns began the battle in disorder and disorder. The fourth column, led by Kutuzov, remained on top. After a couple of hours, when the Russian soldiers were already tired and weak, and the sun completely illuminated the valley, Napoleon gave the order to attack in the direction of the Pracen Heights.
Andrei Bolkonsky's wound
Prince Andrei began the battle of Austerlitz next to General Kutuzov, he looked enviously into the valley. There, in the cold milky darkness, shots were heard, and on the opposite slopes the enemy army was guessed. Mikhail Illarionovich with his retinue stood on the edge of the village and was nervous, he suspected that the column would not have time to line up in the right order, passing the village, but the general who arrived insisted that the French were still far away from the disposition.
Kutuzov sent the prince to the commander of the third division with the order to prepare for battle. Adjutant Bolkonsky fulfilled the order of the commander. The field commander of the third division was very surprised, he could not believe that the enemy was so close. It seemed to the military authorities that there were other columns of soldiers ahead who would be the first to meet the enemy. Having adjusted the omission, the adjutant returned back.
Meeting Kutuzov with Alexander I
The commander waited, yawning like an old man. Suddenly, a greeting from the regiments was heard from the rear along the entire line of the advancing Russian army. Soon a squadron of riders in colorful uniforms could be distinguished. The emperors of Russia and Austria followed in the direction from Prazen, surrounded by their retinue.
The figure of Kutuzov changed, he froze, bowing before the monarch. Now it was a loyal subject of His Majesty, not reasoning and relying on the will of the sovereign. Mikhail Illarionovich overacted, saluting the young emperor. Bolkonsky thought that the tsar was handsome, he had beautiful gray eyes with an expression of age innocence. Alexander ordered the battle to begin, although the commander tried his best to wait until the fog completely dissipated.
Regimental colors
When the Russian command, due to weather conditions, was able to examine and assess the location of the army, it turned out that the enemy was two versts away, and not ten, as Alexander assumed due to his inexperience. Andrei managed to notice that the enemies were advancing five hundred meters from Kutuzov himself, he wanted to warn the Absheron column, but panic ran through the ranks with lightning speed.
Five minutes ago, slender columns passed through that place in front of the emperors of the coalition, now crowds of frightened soldiers were running. The mass of the retreating did not let out the one who got into it and chaotically captured Kutuzov. Everything happened very quickly. Artillery was still firing on the slope of the mountain, but the French were too close.
The infantry stood nearby in indecision, suddenly they opened fire on it, and the soldiers began to shoot back without orders. The wounded ensign dropped the banner. With a cry of "Uraaaaa!" Prince Bolkonsky picked up the fallen banner, never doubting for a moment that the battalion would follow its banner. It was impossible to hand over the cannons to the French, because they would immediately turn them against the fugitives and turn them into a bloody mess.
Hand-to-hand fighting was already in full swing for the guns when Andrey felt a blow to the head. He did not have time to see how the fight ended. Sky. Only blue skies, not causing any feelings and thoughts, as a symbol of infinity, opened up above him. There was peace and quiet.
The defeat of the Russian army
By evening, the French generals were talking about the end of the battle in all directions. The enemy took possession of more than a hundred guns. The corps of General Przhebyshevsky laid down their arms, other columns fled in chaotic crowds.
At the village of Augesta, a handful of soldiers from Dokhturov and Lanzheron remained. In the evening, one could hear the bursts of shells fired from the cannons, as the French shot down the retreating military units.