The novel "Crime and Punishment" was written by F. M. Dostoevsky in the 1860s. There are plenty of ideas and background in it, but the main goal of the author was to put forward a theory about two types of people: “ordinary” and “extraordinary”. The former did nothing significant in their lives, while the latter were ready to do anything to remain in history. The writer attributed to them, for example, Napoleon, as evidenced by the reflections of the protagonist. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich is a proud and strong personality.
He lives in a rented apartment in St. Petersburg and barely makes ends meet. He was forced to leave his studies at the Faculty of Law due to lack of money. He owns the idea of \u200b\u200b"two categories of people", which he published in a newspaper. According to his theory, some people had the right to kill others, as they were from the "superior" race. However, the reason for the murder of the old pawnbroker was not this, but something completely different. First, the young man was greatly disappointed in life and in general poverty.
Secondly, on the eve of his crime, he received a letter from his mother, in which she wrote about Dunya's humiliation in the Svidrigailovs' house and that Luzhin, a man with a low soul, to whom Raskolnikov was disgusted, expressed a desire to marry the girl. Thirdly, so the closet in which he lived main character, could evoke only the darkest thoughts. Although, it is noteworthy that the murder of the pawnbroker was not part of his plans. He heard this idea in a tavern from strangers.
As the story progresses, we see that the hero repents of his deed, but again for his own personal reasons. He regrets that he cannot protect Dunya from Svidrigailov, that he brought little benefit to the Marmeladov family, that he devoted little time to his only good friend Razumikhin. In order to correctly reveal the character of the hero, Dostoevsky raised the theme of friendship and enmity in his novel. Antipodes and at the same time counterparts of Raskolnikov are Luzhin and Svidrigailov.
Both characters are negative. The first is terribly prudent and vain. He moved to St. Petersburg in order to practice law and take a place in high society. He chose Dunya as a bride only because the girl is poor and does not even have a dowry, and, accordingly, she will not claim anything more. The writer gives an ambiguous characterization to Svidrigailov. On the one hand, he ruined the life of Marfa Petrovna and wanted to do the same with Dunya. On the other hand, he is kind to Katerina Ivanovna's children.
Razumikhin, despite being the complete opposite of Raskolnikov, is his only devoted friend. At least the fact that he promises to take care of Dunya and not let her offend Svidrigailov speaks of the nobility of this hero. Sonechka Marmeladova also sacrifices a lot for Raskolnikov, even knowing the truth about his crime. She leaves Petersburg to be close to her friend even when he is already a recognized convict.
What is the basis of the friendship between Raskolnikov and Razumikhin in Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"? and got the best answer
Answer from Elena Ladynina[guru]
Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin, former student, friend of Raskolnikov. Strong, cheerful, intelligent fellow, sincere and spontaneous. Deep love and affection for Raskolnikov explains Razumikhin's concern for him. He falls in love with Dunechka, proves his love with his help and support. Marries Duna.
The novel "Crime and Punishment" shows two completely opposite life paths that any person can take. Two people, similar to each other in social status, in age, find different solutions to the same problem. Razumikhin is trying to see the positive aspects in his life and live in peace. And Raskolnikov is not at all satisfied with his life. He wants something else, not entirely aware of what it is.
The novel is openly polemic with the views of Chernyshevsky. According to the author's plan, Razumikhin was supposed to be that saving hero, which Rakhmetov appears in "What is to be done?" They are similar in the manifestation of strength, both students. “Razumikhin was still the same: kind, tall ... he was also remarkable because he could not eat at all for some unknown time and endure unusual cold ...” Rakhmetov limits his needs and tortures himself from the experiment (he is rich). Razumikhin - out of need (poor).
Unlike Rakhmetov, Razumikhin is an enemy of any theory, he easily starts novels, goes to the Laviza restaurant. He is critical of the pre-reform order, loves the new youth. Razumikhin believes that materialists kill life, mortify the human soul.
The philosophy of Razumikhin's small deeds is opposed to the philosophy of Raskolnikov's Deeds, and there is also a polemic with Rakhmetov's "special" appointment. Razumikhin is a Russian hero who "descended to a boy", spending gigantic forces to support his neighbor. He looks into the soul of every person, and sees that Luzhin is hopeless, but that such a murderer as Raskolnikov can be "restored" and brought back into the circle of human brotherhood. He always comes to the rescue in difficult times. And always with reason. In order to create the initial capital, Razumikhin combines his money with the Lunins: “And why, why carry a piece past your mouth! true friend. But, most likely, a romantic half-Slav will turn into a capitalist, devoting himself to his growing "cause". Dostoevsky pushed Razumikhin into the background. Raskolnikov could not help Razumikhins sell books, this is too empty an occupation for him.
The basis of friendship is at the beginning of the answer. Next is a comparison of these heroes.
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is the basis of the friendship between Raskolnikov and Razumikhin in Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"?
Arguments to the final essay 2017 on the work "Crime and Punishment"
Final essay 2017: arguments on the work "Crime and Punishment" for all directions
Honor and dishonor.
Heroes:
Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the destitute and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, destitute and abused modern society. However, this desire is not realized quite noble. The solution to the problem of immorality and lawlessness was not found. Raskolnikov became a part of this world with its violations and dirt. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a mental breakdown. This is the most important thing for an author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.
Victory and defeat.
Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova
Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering cleanses. Sonya professes moral ideals, which, from the point of view of the writer, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, and humility. "Crime and Punishment" contains a deep truth about the unbearability of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as the truth that causes not a feeling of hopelessness, but implacable hatred for the world of hypocrisy.
Mistakes and experience.
Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov
Literary example: Raskolnikov's theory is anti-human in its essence. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, but on the relativity of moral laws; but does not take into account the fact that the "ordinary" is not capable of becoming a "superman". Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or to the generation of monsters. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky's novel.
Mind and feelings.
Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov
Literary example: Either an act is performed by a person guided by a feeling, or an act is performed under the influence of the character's mind. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually generous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left the money on the Marmeladovs' windowsill, but later regretted it. The opposition of feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.
Final essay in the direction: "Friendship and enmity"
On the subject: "It's easy to talk and be silent with a friend"
“Without friendship, no communication between people has value”
They talk a lot about friendship, write songs and literary works. But what is it? Friendship, according to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov is a close relationship based on mutual trust, affection, common interests. It’s never boring with friends and it doesn’t matter if you talk incessantly or just keep quiet, such silence does not burden, but on the contrary gives some kind of energy and psychological relief.
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It is difficult for those people who do not have friends, such people are lonely and unhappy, it is difficult for them to go through some life tests, and whoever said that it would be easy.
An example from Russian classical literature is the novel by F.I. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". An example of true friendship is the relationship between Razumikhin and Raskolnikov. Rodion in Dmitry is attracted by vital activity, the desire to do something, kindness and responsiveness, education and erudition. It is to Razumikhin that the main character goes right after the murder, he needs to talk to someone and Rodion knows what he can find in his friend. During his illness, Razumikhin takes care of Raskolnikov, invites a doctor and buys him a suit. When, after a crime, Rodion loses the desire to live, he sees nothing positive and the whole world is an enemy to him. It is the devotion, kindness and cordiality of Razumikhin, Sonya and mother that make Raskolnikov live. This is an example of true friendship. It often happens that people cannot distinguish between real and imaginary friendship.
So in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" friends Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov. But is their friendship real? Both of them are representatives of the new generation. However, in true friendship, one cannot obey the other. How to read sees this at the beginning of the novel. However, as soon as Arkady begins to express his own opinion on certain issues, we understand how different their points of view are. The characters have nothing in common: they have different interests, demeanor and attitude to life in general. Bazarov - who denies all platonic feelings, is closed in himself, he is busy with medicine and hardworking, he cannot have real friends, because he is closed in himself and secretive. And Arkady is the exact opposite: a happy and naive, kind and open young man who looks at life in a childishly naive way. How can they be true friends if they are so different.
With absence common interests friendship between people is not possible. And if there are common themes, it is not always necessary to say something, here silence can be more valuable and significant than thousands of words.
Updated: 2017-05-03
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In literary criticism, little attention is paid to the analysis of the image of Raskolnikov's mother Pulcheria Alexandrovna. She experiences their failures as her own and strives to do at least something for them. Dostoevsky admires her selfless love for children. She has already released Rodion into an independent life, but still tries to help him with money, support him with letters. With pain, she looks at the fate of her daughter. Initially, perceiving Luzhin as a support for Dunya, she does not want any benefits from him for herself, informing Raskolnikov that after the wedding she will live separately from the newlyweds. At the same time, Pulcheria Alexandrovna constantly punishes Rodion to love her sister and emphasizes how much she loves him. She wants the children to support and help each other all their lives. It is no coincidence that at the sight of the reconciliation of a brother with a sister, her face glows with delight and happiness. In order for the reader to notice and remember this image of the second plan, F.M. Dostoevsky chooses a colorful old name for the heroine - Pulcheria. Pulcheria Alexandrovna supports her son in all endeavors and is sure that everything he does is fine. However, in her heart she feels pain and discord in the soul of Rodion. It is no coincidence that she is baptized before the next meeting with him, and in a conversation with Dunya she evaluates the characters of the children more soberly and frankly than with her son: “You know, Dunya, I looked at both of you, you are a perfect portrait of him, and not so much in face as in soul : both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and quick-tempered, both arrogant and both magnanimous ... It can’t be that he was an egoist, Dunechka? And? .. And when I think about what we will have tonight, so all the heart is taken away! It is noteworthy that Pulcheria Alexandrovna, at the very first meeting with Sonya, understands that she is the main thing in the life of her son.
Another image important for understanding maternal love in the novel is Katerina Ivanovna. On her example, F.M. Dostoevsky shows that the most complex social problems, hardships and hardships fall primarily on the shoulders of a woman-mother. A well-bred and educated woman, having become a widow, finds herself without a livelihood. She is trying by all means to feed the children. Realizing that the sacrifice that Sonya made for the sake of the family is unrequited, Katerina Ivanovna makes the children sing and dance in the street for the amusement of the public. She exclaims: “Oh, vile, vile. Don't care; now I’ll feed these myself, I won’t bow to anyone! We've tortured her enough! (She pointed to Sonya). One of the most tragic pages of the novel is the scene of Katerina Ivanovna's death from consumption. Before her death, she refuses the priest, realizing that for Sonya this is an extra ruble, that she leaves her three children "from hand to hand." In delirium, she shouts out German songs and words from her favorite romance, recalls her youth, her first love.
Her last words: “They left the nag! I tore it-ah-ah! - they make you remember Raskolnikov's dream, in which he sees a horse being tortured by the owner. Both episodes of the novel emphasize how much love and kindness are lacking in the earthly world and how much malice, meanness and ruthlessness are in it.
Their favorite heroines F.M. Dostoevsky gives beauty. Beautiful and slender Avdotya Romanovna. She has proud sparkling eyes, sometimes unusually kind. Pulcheria Alexandrovna also retained the remnants of her former beauty. She is 43 years old. For a person of the 19th century, this is already a respectable age: “Her face still retained the remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and an honest, pure glow. hearts to old age. By placing a detailed portrait of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, F.M. Dostoevsky immediately reinforces it with a psychological characteristic, noting such character traits as sensitivity, timidity, compliance.
Pulcheria Alexandrovna feels in her heart that Razumikhin is a reliable person. The mother's heart makes the right choice. Pulcheria Alexandrovna understands at first sight with whom her daughter will be happily married. It is no coincidence that Dunya will subsequently choose Razumikhin as her husband.
The images of Sonya and Dunya are set off in the novel by the episodic image of a young drunken woman on the boulevard in a silk dress, casually and clumsily dressed, obviously, by male hands. Raskolnikov sees some dandy following her and wants to save her: he gives the last money so that the policeman will take her home in a cab. Dostoevsky more than once shows Raskolnikov's ability for noble spiritual deeds.
In critical literature, when discussing the causes of Raskolnikov's crime, either the social or the philosophical aspect is enhanced. It is best to consider them together. However, F.M. It is more important for Dostoevsky to show not the causes of Raskolnikov's crime and not the crime itself, but the punishment in all its horror and inevitability. Suffice it to say that the description of the unbearable torment and suffering of the murderer is given a central place in the novel. There are many additional circumstances that pushed Raskolnikov to the crime. This, for example, accidentally overheard a conversation in a tavern. During the next visit to the old woman, the hero is interested in who she lives with, notes for himself that everything else on the floor of the apartment is free.
F.M. Dostoevsky in no way justifies Rodion. The writer believes that the end does not justify the means.
Having committed the murder, Raskolnikov seemed to have contracted a dangerous mental illness: he raves, suffers, sees nightmares in a dream. The only deliverance for him is confession and repentance. But both that, and another for the proud person becomes a heavy moral test. Signs of neurasthenia appear in the hero even before the crime. However, after the murder, Raskolnikov generally feels that he is going crazy. He is seized with fear, horror and disgust. Half-dead, he barely gets home and plunges not even into sleep, but into some special difficult mental state: “Scraps and fragments of some thoughts swarmed in his head; but he could not grab a single one, he could not stop at a single one, despite even his efforts. Thus, punishment for the hero becomes punishment through suffering. It is important to understand that the punishment comes even before the announcement of the verdict: it is expressed in those hellish mental anguish, bordering on insanity, that the hero experiences.
In order for the reader to understand that Raskolnikov has a path other than crime to help his sister and mother, F.M. Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful comrade at the university, who, in spite of everything, continues to support him. This is a cheerful and kind guy to the point of simplicity. “However, under this simplicity both depth and dignity lurked,” emphasizes F.M. Dostoevsky. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted with the help of their speaking surnames (“reason” - “split”) according to the principle of attitude to life in general. Razumikhin treats difficulties easily and simply. Like Raskolnikov, he is very poor, but he knows a lot of ways to earn money, and to do it honestly: for example, he gives lessons.
Composition based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Part 3
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