What is a despot definition. What is despotism and despotism? What it is

DESPOTISM

DESPOTISM

(despotism) Autocratic rule by one man. The Greeks called the “lord” or “ruler” of an unfree state “despot.” The Byzantine emperor and Christian rulers in the provinces of the Turkish empire were also usually called the same name. Aristotle began the Western tradition of thought by distinguishing between Persian "despotism" and Greek "tyranny". Tyranny, according to Aristotle, is usurped unstable power, imposed by force, while despotism is stable and stable. It is based on the consent of people who often know no other form of government, and is therefore essentially legal. Thus, despotism is a purely Eastern phenomenon, since the free peoples of Greece for a long time would not tolerate such rule. Montesquieu gave a particularly clear definition of eastern despotism in his book “The Spirit of Laws” (“L`Esprit des Lois”, 1978). Even the most absolute Western monarchies, he argued, could not be considered despotic, since the monarch was bound by law, the legitimacy of which was confirmed by the same arguments as his own power. However, he, like some of his other contemporaries, noted the tendency of the French monarchy to degenerate into despotism, and after the revolution of 1789 it generally became common to call the ancien règime (old regime) despotism. Western theorists use the word "despotism" as a "reductio ad absurdum" - a reduction to the absurdity of the idea of ​​concentration of power. For Burke, this is “the simplest form of government,” the rule of the will of one man. For Bentham, it is a form of evil, the other side of the evil of anarchy. Their general premises, based on the examples of the Ottoman, Chinese, Persian and Mughal empires, are oversimplified if not mistaken, and in modern parlance the term has become simply a dirty word of political jargon, not unlike words such as "tyranny." , "dictatorship" or "absolutism".

Policy. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". D. Underhill, S. Barrett, P. Burnell, P. Burnham, etc. General editor: Doctor of Economics. Osadchaya I.M.. 2001 .

DESPOTISM

(from the Greek despotes - ruler) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power, lack of rights of subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others.

The ancient political philosopher Aristotle, along with three correct and three incorrect (“deviating”) forms of political organization, identified a seventh form—despotism, which outwardly resembles the already known form—tyranny. If tyranny is one of the transitional forms of political organization, then despotism outside the boundaries of a civilizational community or barbarian world is permanent (constant).

The representative of the French Enlightenment, Montesquieu, supplemented Aristotle with another theoretical conclusion about the nature of despotism - its total ineffectiveness. American political scientist A. Yanov, relying on the fundamental work of K. Wittfogel “Oriental Despotism”, as well as on the works of other authors, formulates a number of the most important theoretical conclusions:

1. Despotism is based on direct bureaucratic control of the economic process or on the total disposal of its results by the state.

2. The absence of economic restrictions leads to more or less permanent economic stagnation.

3. The absence of what is called economic progress, based on the continuous modernization of the economic process and expanded reproduction, is combined with the absence of political dynamics.

4. In order to exist for millennia in conditions of economic and political immobility, despotism had to develop a special social structure, reduced to two polar classes: “managers” and “managed”.

5. The economic immobility of the system corresponds to the immobility (immobility) of the managed class. Their equality in the face of the despot is postulated.

6. The flip side of this absolute homogeneity and stability of the managed class is the absolute atomization and instability of the managerial class. Despotism does not know what can be called the category of “political death.” A mistake equaled physical death.

7. A government that denies economic restrictions cannot but deny ideological restrictions.

8. This also explains the monstrous stability of despotic systems, because it excludes the emergence of political opposition (or the reformist potential of the system).

9. The absence of social, economic and ideological restrictions makes it impossible for despotic structures to resist subordination to the private goals of the despot.

10. Despotism turns out to be a dead political body. He knows no political alternative; it is a closed system. A world that is organically incapable of producing political civilization from itself.

Naturally, many researchers noted the “genetic” kinship of socialist society with its classical system of centralized distribution, with the strong, rigid power of the center, a huge administrative and bureaucratic apparatus, etc.

It cannot be argued that the socialist version was a copy or repetition of its eastern (not in the geographical sense of the word) predecessor, but the fundamental uniformity of these structures is confirmed. There are differences, first of all, in the artificial nature of the created society.

Despotism in the East developed in a natural historical way, while private property and the market were never destroyed, even if they existed in a curtailed form controlled by the authorities. Private property and the market provided at least simple reproduction and, like the circulatory system, supported life in Eastern society.

A totalitarian-oriented society was deprived of such a circulatory system, and artificial methods of maintaining life were imposed on it, associated with the super-exploitation of nature and man, violence, fear, constant indoctrination, etc.

Konovalov V.N.

Political science. Dictionary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

Despotism

arbitrariness; brutal suppression of rights, freedoms, independence.

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 .

Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

See what “DESPOTISM” is in other dictionaries:

despotism- a, m. despotisme m. Unlimited by laws, absolute power. Sl. 18. Violent government (despotisme). Justi 1770 84. Despotism is equally harmful to Sovereigns and peoples. Tumansky 1770 132. [Ostromyslov:] The Sea under the Turkish Empire.. it... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Greek, this, see despot) autocratic rule, not limited by any laws. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. DESPOTISM 1) unlimited arbitrariness, based on violence and not shy... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

See self-will... Synonym dictionary

Despotism- Despotism ♦ Despotisme The unlimited power of one person. Despotism can be enlightened and even legal (in this way it differs from tyranny), but it always remains unjust. If a despot obeyed the law, his power would be lost... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary

DESPOTISM is one of the fundamental characteristics of dictatorial rule, which is associated with arbitrary power, strengthened by the concentration of political power in the hands of the head of state (despot, leader, king, etc.) and close to him... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

1) see Despotism. .2) Arbitrariness; brutal suppression of rights, freedoms, independence... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

DESPOTISM, despotism, pl. no, husband (book). distracted noun to despotic. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

DESPOTISM, huh, husband. 1. Autocratic rule. Monarchical d. 2. Behavior of a despot (in 2 meanings). D. tyrant. | adj. despotic, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Forms of government, political regimes and systems Anarchy Aristocracy Bureaucracy Gerontocracy Demarchy Democracy Imitation democracy Liberal democracy ... Wikipedia

despotism- boundless despotism, unparalleled despotism... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

Books

• Despotism, Pavel Vladimirovich Zasodimsky. Despotism. His principles, their application and the struggle for despotism. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1911 edition (publishing house St. Petersburg, Printing House M.M....

1) Despotism- (from the Greek despotes - ruler, lord) - a form of unlimited, absolute, autocratic power, which is characterized by complete arbitrariness, imperious self-will, arbitrariness, tyranny, gross and cruel suppression of the will of subjects and their lack of rights. D. is especially characteristic of absolute monarchies.

2) Despotism - - (from the Greek despotes - ruler) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power, lack of rights of subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others. The ancient political philosopher Aristotle, along with three correct and three incorrect (“deviating”) forms of political organization, identified a seventh form - despotism, which outwardly resembles the already known form - tyranny. If tyranny is one of the transitional forms of political organization, then despotism outside the boundaries of a civilizational community or barbarian world is permanent (constant). The representative of the French Enlightenment, Montesquieu, supplemented Aristotle with another theoretical conclusion about the nature of despotism - its total ineffectiveness. American political scientist A. Yanov, relying on the fundamental work of K. Wittfogel “Oriental Despotism”, as well as on the works of other authors, formulates a number of the most important theoretical conclusions: 1. Despotism is based on direct bureaucratic control of the economic process or on the total disposal of its results by the state. 2. The absence of economic restrictions leads to more or less permanent economic stagnation. 3. The absence of what is called economic progress, based on the continuous modernization of the economic process and expanded reproduction, is combined with the absence of political dynamics. 4. In order to exist for millennia in conditions of economic and political immobility, despotism had to develop a special social structure, reduced to two polar classes: “managers” and “managed”. 5. The economic immobility of the system corresponds to the immobility (immobility) of the managed class. Their equality in the face of the despot is postulated. 6. The flip side of this absolute homogeneity and stability of the managed class is the absolute atomization and instability of the managerial class. Despotism does not know what can be called the category of “political death.” A mistake equaled physical death. 7. A government that denies economic restrictions cannot but deny ideological restrictions. 8. This also explains the monstrous stability of despotic systems, because it excludes the emergence of political opposition (or the reformist potential of the system). 9. The absence of social, economic and ideological restrictions makes it impossible for despotic structures to resist subordination to the private goals of the despot. 10. Despotism turns out to be a dead political body. He knows no political alternative; it is a closed system. A world that is organically incapable of producing political civilization from itself. Naturally, many researchers noted the “genetic” kinship of socialist society with its classical system of centralized distribution, with the strong, rigid power of the center, a huge administrative and bureaucratic apparatus, etc. It cannot be argued that the socialist version was a copy or repetition of its eastern (not in the geographical sense of the word) predecessor, but the fundamental uniformity of these structures is confirmed. There are differences, first of all, in the artificial nature of the created society. Despotism in the East developed in a natural historical way, while private property and the market were never destroyed, even if they existed in a reduced form and controlled by the authorities. Private property and the market provided at least simple reproduction and, like the circulatory system, supported life in Eastern society. A totalitarian-oriented society was deprived of such a circulatory system, and artificial methods of maintaining life were imposed on it, associated with the super-exploitation of nature and man, violence, fear, constant indoctrination, etc.

3) Despotism- - 1) a system of government characterized by complete arbitrariness of power and lack of rights of subjects; 2) autocracy, brutal suppression of individual freedom.

4) Despotism- absolute and lawless power, arbitrariness, arbitrariness. Sometimes despotism is the tyrannical manifestation of deserved authority; in this capacity often manifests itself in politicians the older generation in relation to novice politicians.

5) Despotism- (from the Greek despoteia - unlimited power) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power, lack of rights of subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others.

6) Despotism- Autocracy, arbitrariness towards subordinates. A despot is an unlimited and cruel ruler who rules arbitrarily and not on the basis of laws; cruel, autocratic person, tyrant.

Despotism

(from the Greek despotes - ruler, lord) - a form of unlimited, absolute, autocratic power, which is characterized by complete arbitrariness, imperious self-will, arbitrariness, tyranny, gross and cruel suppression of the will of subjects and their lack of rights. D. is especially characteristic of absolute monarchies.

- (from the Greek despotes - ruler) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power, lack of rights of subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others. The ancient political philosopher Aristotle, along with three correct and three incorrect (“deviating”) forms of political organization, identified a seventh form - despotism, which outwardly resembles the already known form - tyranny. If tyranny is one of the transitional forms of political organization, then despotism outside the boundaries of a civilizational community or barbarian world is permanent (constant). The representative of the French Enlightenment, Montesquieu, supplemented Aristotle with another theoretical conclusion about the nature of despotism - its total ineffectiveness. American political scientist A. Yanov, relying on the fundamental work of K. Wittfogel “Oriental Despotism”, as well as on the works of other authors, formulates a number of the most important theoretical conclusions: 1. Despotism is based on direct bureaucratic control of the economic process or on the total disposal of its results by the state. 2. The absence of economic restrictions leads to more or less permanent economic stagnation. 3. The absence of what is called economic progress, based on the continuous modernization of the economic process and expanded reproduction, is combined with the absence of political dynamics. 4. In order to exist for millennia in conditions of economic and political immobility, despotism had to develop a special social structure, reduced to two polar classes: “managers” and “managed”. 5. The economic immobility of the system corresponds to the immobility (immobility) of the managed class. Their equality in the face of the despot is postulated. 6. The flip side of this absolute homogeneity and stability of the managed class is the absolute atomization and instability of the managerial class. Despotism does not know what can be called the category of “political death.” A mistake equaled physical death. 7. A government that denies economic restrictions cannot but deny ideological restrictions. 8. This also explains the monstrous stability of despotic systems, because it excludes the emergence of political opposition (or the reformist potential of the system). 9. The absence of social, economic and ideological restrictions makes it impossible for despotic structures to resist subordination to the private goals of the despot. 10. Despotism turns out to be a dead political body. He knows no political alternative; it is a closed system. A world that is organically incapable of producing political civilization from itself. Naturally, many researchers noted the “genetic” kinship of socialist society with its classical system of centralized distribution, with the strong, rigid power of the center, a huge administrative and bureaucratic apparatus, etc. It cannot be argued that the socialist version was a copy or repetition of its eastern (not in the geographical sense of the word) predecessor, but the fundamental uniformity of these structures is confirmed. There are differences, first of all, in the artificial nature of the created society. Despotism in the East developed in a natural historical way, while private property and the market were never destroyed, even if they existed in a reduced form and controlled by the authorities. Private property and the market provided at least simple reproduction and, like the circulatory system, supported life in Eastern society. A totalitarian-oriented society was deprived of such a circulatory system, and artificial methods of maintaining life were imposed on it, associated with the super-exploitation of nature and man, violence, fear, constant indoctrination, etc.

DESPOTISM (from the Greek despotia - unlimited power) - English. despotism; German Despotie. A form of autocratic power, unlimited by law. D. is characterized by arbitrariness of power and lack of rights of members of society. see AUTOCRACY, DICTATORSHIP, TYRANNY, TOTALITARIANISM. Sociological Dictionary

Despotism– a personality trait characterized by complete and unconditional submission of others to one’s will, severe suppression of other people’s rights and freedoms.
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The aggressive behavior of a despot is fueled by his fears, constant doubts and self-doubt. A subconscious feeling of dissatisfaction and deprivation forces the tyrant to take revenge on others, thus restoring damaged self-esteem. Trying to impose his will on others, a despot often takes advantage of his moral and physical superiority, asserting himself by humiliating the victim.

Psychotherapists and sociologists see the cause of despotic behavior in childhood. Typically, people who in childhood were influenced by powerful and authoritarian parents become tyrants. In the future, they copy the behavior of their father or mother, “transferring” the resentment to their children or spouses. Cultivating in a child a sense of self-worth, uniqueness and originality also lays the foundation for self-confidence and despotism in character.

To get rid of manifestations of despotism, it is necessary to realize the meaninglessness of tyranny as a method of self-affirmation - a method that in no way will help achieve what the despot latently strives for - neither love nor the respect of others.

• Despotism is a tendency to psychological and physical violence.
• Despotism is the rigid imposition of one’s will on others.
• Despotism is the fear of losing control over others.
• Despotism is revenge for one's inferiority.
• Despotism is self-affirmation at the expense of the weak.

Disadvantages of Despotism

• Despotism provokes quarrels and conflicts.
• Despotism excludes mutual respect and cooperation.
• Despotism leads to the infringement of other people's rights and freedoms.
• Despotism breeds hostility and vindictiveness.
• Despotism leads to misunderstanding, rejection and loneliness.

Manifestations of despoticism in everyday life

• Power. Despotism was one of the forms of autocracy, the unlimited power of the kings, formed in Rus' as a result of the rule of the Golden Horde. A striking historical example of despotism was Tsar Ivan the Terrible (popularly nicknamed the Tormentor), who, allegedly for “betrayal of the motherland,” often subjected people he disliked to cruel torture and is widely known for having killed his own son in a fit of rage.
• Family life. Despotism in family life is a frequent phenomenon. The main methods of a domestic tyrant: verbal humiliation, jealousy, constant control. Despotism often flourishes in families when one partner (usually the wife) depends on the other.
• Childish despotism. Unreasonable desire for leadership, refusal to make concessions, waywardness, manipulation of parents are the main features of children's and adolescent despotism. The problem often intensifies during periods of crisis (3-4 years and 14-15 years) and is a reflection of the child’s urgent need for self-affirmation, respect and a sense of importance in the family.
• Hitler. Hitler's desire to trample on the rights and interests of other nations is a vivid example of the cruel despotism of the head of the Third Reich, who, in order to achieve his personal goal, did not disdain anything - neither the destruction of cities, nor torture in concentration camps, nor burning alive in gas chambers.

How to overcome despotism

• Get rid of your inferiority complex. A self-confident person does not see the point in suppressing others, while imposing his will for a despot is often the only way to prove his worth to himself. Focus on developing your real strengths - and there will be no need for imaginary “exaltation” of yourself.
• Find other sources of self-affirmation. The habit of asserting oneself at the expense of others is a sign of weakness. Give up destructive behavior and find constructive sources of self-realization using any of them: creativity, communication or professional development.
• Show respect for others. Any person, by right of birth and in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, has the right to independence, free expression of will and personal freedom, which you have no right to limit.
• Learn to admit when you're wrong. The ability to accept the existence of other worldviews is evidence not of weakness, but of wisdom. “A smart person always admits that he is wrong, while a fool will stubbornly stand his ground.” Recognize another person's right to their own opinion - and you will earn their respect without forcing it.

Golden mean

Despotism

Liberal, democratic

Tendency to connivance, indulgence, indulgence

Catchphrases about despotism

Reading time: 5 min

Despotism is an acquired personality quality, manifested in the desire for unlimited power, which is achieved without regard for the opinions and needs of others by demanding constant and complete obedience. Despotism in psychology is a manifestation of extremely unfavorable characteristics of the ego, its exorbitant growth, which ultimately leads to the loss of reasonable control over one’s life manifestations, and all actions are subordinated exclusively to the affective sphere.

Despotism in the family manifests itself as psychological and physical violence, when all methods become relevant to achieving one’s own power. A despotic person has no understanding of the personal boundaries and freedoms of others, and those who are considered his family are perceived by him as property. Naturally, in this case, those around them are required to constantly fulfill the will of the despot, as well as full compliance with his ideas about life, not only his own and the common one, but also how another person should behave and feel. Among the usual requirements may be a ban on tears and the need for constant joy. Such encroachments on the sensory sphere, which is not subject to control, indicate a lack of adequate perception.

This type of behavior inevitably occurs on a variety of levels. Victims of a despot may try to explain or swear, broken dishes and physical beatings may be used. Those who finally feel their powerlessness offer silent resistance through silence and adjustment, which irreversibly damages the psyche of not only the victim, but also the tyrant himself.

Autocratic behavior cannot stop on its own, and the less resistance is provided, the more a person will feel like a demigod and begin to demand the impossible as a given. It cannot be said that there are people who have never turned into despots in attempts to get what they want from others, but those for whom this line of behavior takes on critical forms need the help of specialists. Uncontrolled violence against others, inadequate demands and assessment of the situation are the main signs of the presence of mental disorders. At best, long-term psychotherapy will help correct the situation; at worst, specialized drug therapy will be required.

What is despotism

Despotism is a behavior in psychology that includes such manifestations as imposing one’s will not by argument, but by force, manifestation, use of revenge, humiliation, physical and sexual violence, gaslighting. Typically, the causes of such behavior are childhood traumas, complexes, and complexes that a person tries to overcome in a similar destructive way and gain confidence and integrity. The problem is that this behavior strategy does not contribute to the establishment of harmonious relationships where personal healing on deep levels is possible.

The greater the number of fears hidden inside the psyche of a despot, the more sophisticated his methods of control become and the greater the desire to control the freedom of others. Uncertainty and doubts about one’s own attractiveness are covered up, which does not even give others the opportunity to choose.

Despotism in the family does not give its members a choice even in their own attitude; they are literally forced to love. Despotism often coexists with humiliation and vindictiveness, and if the humiliation of others has more or less obvious tendencies, since, thus, a person begins to look better in his own eyes, then revenge is born global and causeless, aimed at everyone and for no reason. The deep meaning of such revenge lies in the restoration of damaged self-esteem and respect.

Despite the position of power and the desire for respect and self-aggrandizement, despoticism excludes cooperation and respect for others. Over time, such an attitude, provoking constant quarrels and conflicts, destroys any significant and strong relationships, as well as the psyche of the participants in the contact. Instead of missing love and acceptance, the despot receives fear, revenge, misunderstanding, hostility and, ultimately, loneliness.

Despotism manifests itself as a personality trait in men and women, but has slight external differences in the choice of methods. Initially, it may seem that despotism is an exclusively male trait, just as when it comes to rape, everyone immediately sees the woman as the victim. However, women are also despotic in many ways, it just less often takes the form of physical violence. Women are capable of destroying a man morally, through blackmail, constant hysterics, threats, reproaches and humiliation of his dignity. The arsenal of moral torture is wider than physical, and the worst thing is that a despotic woman will not repent of what she did, because... her actions and words are guided not only by her mind, but also by her mind.

Despotism is also characteristic of older people and even children (the first manifestations of such tendencies are possible at the age of three and are provoked by the onset of a crisis period).

Causes of despotism

Despotism is not an innate trait and does not depend in any way on the characteristics of the nervous system and other physiological factors, but the prerequisites for its formation are laid quite early. The opinion that despotism is inherited is due to the fact that being raised by domineering parents who did not listen to the needs of the child, but only demanded unquestioning obedience, a person learns this model of behavior as the norm. In childhood, this quality has no particular place to manifest itself, since children are weak, but as they grow up, acquire physical strength and master the moral methods of violence and coercion, a person begins to implement a despotic form of interaction at all levels.

Despotism is subconsciously formed by the desire to take revenge on others for insults caused. For this, one case is not enough, usually it is being in a toxic relationship or being raised by similar methods. Insults, humiliations, and cruel punishments of a child can lead to the desire to punish not only the parents, but the whole world for remaining deaf and blind to his grief. But not only poor treatment can serve as a prerequisite for the development of despotism, but also excessive suggestion about the uniqueness, uniqueness of the child’s personality, his superiority over others. The opinion of parents is very important and shapes self-attitude; when entering the real world, such a person experiences stress from the fact that not everyone worships him, and someone openly ridicules his shortcomings. In such situations, the path chosen is to force the surrounding society to think and perceive one’s own personality within the usual framework.

For a despot, confirmation of his power becomes an obsessive neurotic idea, not saturated with need, since the methods of satisfying it are chosen inadequate. it is necessary to carefully open them in safe conditions, learn to look at them without horror and pain, develop new ways of responding, recognizing such a history of your life. The despot's attempts to gain love and recognition are reminiscent of driving in lost hair with a hammer - it is painful, useless and requires enormous effort.

Signs of despotism

In a society where the perception of violence and personal boundaries is violated, despotism can be perceived as a manifestation of character or even respected. People who were traumatized by the dependent type in childhood fall in love with despots and tyrants as adults, again without noticing the gross violation of their freedom.

One of the characteristic signs of despotism is the perception of physical and psychological violence as a norm of behavior and a way of regulating relationships. Such mechanisms are the main ones in interaction with a despot; he practically does not know how to ask, negotiate, or seek compromises.

Any type of violence is used when the partner’s behavior does not correspond to the desires of the despot, and at first he can demonstrate his dissatisfaction and give the other the opportunity to correct himself; if this does not happen as soon as possible, then the other will be punished (a blow to the face or a week of silence - it doesn’t matter). It is worth noting that the requirements for a partner’s behavior are often quite strange, and dissatisfaction will be caused by what others perceive as the norm. The whole point is that it causes any behavior or opinion that contains the individuality of another, and not his personal one.

Usually despots try to completely destroy another person in order to have even more leverage to control. Although in the first stages of a relationship, on the contrary, they will sing your praises. The mechanism is something like this: a person gets used to receiving huge doses of compliments, so at the first criticism he will do everything to improve, then the criticism becomes more frequent, and the desire to correct the situation becomes stronger. As a result, you can discover an idea from which it is very easy to manipulate another: “in fact, I am terrible, it’s just that others don’t notice it, but this great person knows everything about me and continues to stay close.”

It is important that the despot will appropriate all victories to himself, and blame all defeats on his partner, while the other may even be blamed for his own troubles at work, a spoiled mood, and being stuck in a traffic jam. Attempts to appeal to an adequate perception of reality are useless.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"