Morphemic analysis of words. Morphemic and derivational analysis of words Plans for parsing words by composition

Sometimes when we hear a “sort of” word, we become interested in what it means and where its roots come from. Here it is useful to remember that the structure of any word is analyzed using two analyses: morphemic and word-formative. And here, analyzing a word by its composition online for free on the Internet can be a great help. But no matter what opportunities the World Wide Web gives us, we still need to know the basics for ourselves. Morphemic analysis is the selection of morphemes that make up a given word, that is, elementary particles. At the same time, when using morphemic analysis of a word online, remember that it is also an analysis of the word according to its composition online. We do it step by step:

We write out the word (without changing its form from the context) and determine the part of speech to which it belongs.

Celebrating the end. We simply decline the word and find it easily.

We find the basis.

Determine the root and list words with the same root.

Identify prefixes, suffixes, postfixes and select words with similar but different roots.

As you can see, you can sit on the word yourself and parse it according to the above points or use the “Online Morpheme Analysis” option.

Online word-formation analysis is also available. In fact, it can also be provided:

Find the source of the word.

Indicate whether this word is derivative, indicating its stem.

Choose the initial word (that is, the one from which ours is derived).

We highlight the base of the word we are analyzing and word-forming suffixes, postfixes or prefixes.

Now you can determine the way in which a given word is formed.

Now that we know how to parse a word according to its composition and how to analyze word formation, we will indicate the differences between these two methods and some features, knowledge of which will be useful for their implementation:

1. With word-formation, we analyze the word in its initial form, and with morphemic, we analyze the word in the form in which it is in the text.

2. Compound words are already derivatives.

3. To find out whether this word is a derivative, it is enough to indicate its stem in the initial form.

4. When we see a prefix or suffix in the stem, the word is complex. (except for cases with prefixless verbs).

5. When the base form has one root, it is usually defined as non-derivative. This does not apply to the following cases: transition from any part of speech to another; the phenomenon of zero suffixation.

6. In a word, we can always identify its base, but the ending is in the parts of speech that change.

Thus, we looked at how you can study the structure of a word and determine its origin.

We are residents of Ukraine, and after my daughter took a new subject at school - the Russian language - problems arose with morphemic parsing. All the dictionaries were taken 10 years ago to my grandmother’s village to heat the stove, so I had to resort to the Internet. In the first query we were looking for the word . Now I regularly read the dictionary, even out of curiosity. Who would have thought that there were sites where information was organized so conveniently as yours. Now we can cope with parsing words by composition without any problems. Thanks for your hard work! Daria Vasilievna

I was most interested in old Russian words, or Ukrainian ones, which also have their own long history. It was surprising to me that the word has ancient roots, especially since it was used not only in Russian, but also in other languages. I would like to note that the more we know the history of words, the more we will know our history, and this is very interesting. My children are also interested in this and sometimes even advise me to watch something new and learn. NikitaN

Whenever I hear a long and incomprehensible word, I try to independently divide it into parts and understand how it is formed. If I can’t do it myself, I have to look in specialized literature, but often I can’t find the word I’m looking for there. I tried to find it on the Internet and this dictionary helped me a lot; there are words according to their composition online. You can very quickly find the word you are interested in and see complete information about it. It’s very nice that definitions are posted here that will be useful to those who don’t know where to start. Margarita

From birth we are native speakers and as our vocabulary expands, we become curious about how certain words came about. Sometimes it is not possible to identify the stem of a word on your own and find out the derivational or morphemic composition of the word, then a detailed analysis of the word’s composition online comes to our aid. The solution to questions of interest can be found quite simply. Here it is described in great detail how to correctly parse a word, step-by-step instruction and the parsing rules are accessible even to children. This resource is a godsend for the curious. Svetlana

Analysis of Morphemes for parsing a word by composition is not so simple, despite the clearly provided algorithms. Quite complex grammatical nuances of the language often lead to erroneous or ambiguous parsing of modern parts of words. When identifying compound forms-morphemes: “prefix-root-suffix-ending”, their simple identification with parts of words similar to the given ones is not enough. Therefore, many students are unsure whether their analysis of the word according to its composition is correct. An online dictionary for free will help you eliminate doubts and improve your knowledge. Here are several reasons for the initially incorrect analysis: - analysis begins with the root - the category of the adjective, verb and verbal forms is incorrectly defined - the lexical-syntactic context is not taken into account - the discrepancy between the letter and letter-sound composition word forms.

My daughter has an excellent Russian teacher. She instilled in her children a love of language. And even I participate in the process of parsing words in a sentence. For us, this is a fun crossword puzzle and brain training. After completing all the points, we check the work using the online morphemic analysis option on the website. If my daughter does the task herself, without us, then she also uses this site for difficult words. And there are many of them in our language. For example, unchangeable words have no ending at all. And they can be determined only by clearly understanding which part of speech is given to us. Basically, these are adverbs. Or another category of unchangeable words. In it, difficulties arise with foreign indeclinable nouns. Children often make mistakes by attributing non-existent endings or suffixes to them. Valentina

The richness and boundlessness of the Russian language is amazing. The Russian language has a very rich vocabulary and there is a lot of mystery and unusualness in it. Morphemic analysis is very interesting to carry out, to find the original source of the word, and also to separate prefixes and suffixes, endings. In our modern times, an online dictionary for analyzing words by composition for free can come to the rescue. An online dictionary is useful because, after parsing and if you doubt the correctness of the execution, you have the opportunity to check yourself by typing into the search engine “parsing a word according to its composition, online dictionary for free on the Internet.” It is quite difficult to parse words that came to us from another language or Old Slavonic words. Thanks to the online dictionary, everything becomes quite easy and simple. Elena Helen

Live and learn. My daughter goes to high school and periodically baffles my wife and me with her questions about the Russian language. Well, for example, with definitions like the null-morpheme unit. Okay, when you’re just trying to remember whether you had it when you were at school or not, and you look at its textbook to see what children are taught now. But it's worse when she brings homework and asks to check it. This is where it gets fun: if she approved, but it turned out to be wrong, then it’s not her fault, but her parents’ for the bad grade. Moreover, authority suffers. So, in my old age, I have to climb through paper dictionaries, which never had any morphemic analysis. Thank you, slovoline, I found it on the Internet. Now I periodically use it in such delicate situations. Dmitriy

It’s not for nothing that Russian is recognized as one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn, along with Chinese. But alas, school knowledge is forgotten with age and with each passing year, the rules are increasingly erased from memory. And when you suddenly have to face the task of parsing a word or sentence, you look at the task in a stupor and feverishly try to systematize scraps of school knowledge, but nothing comes of it and you secretly, so that no one sees, write in the search engine to parse by composition of the word online. The Internet has greatly simplified everyday life, but unfortunately, it is killing the language. You have probably noticed more than once with bitterness how our children communicate online: hi, ok, bye, etc. And therefore, many thanks to the creators of such resources for their efforts. Anton80

Good afternoon. Please parse the word according to the composition of the SPOOK and if possible send it by email to fontan83mail.ru I really need to ask it at school and no one can help Sergey P

The great Russian language is rich and complex. The depth of its morphemic structure is especially touching. We, adult Russian speakers, do not at all notice the natural complexities of constructing words in our native speech. But if you just imagine how difficult it can be for foreigners... Although we also had to learn at some point. Everyone was children. A very interesting and useful resource about the rules of morphemic parsing of words in the Russian language. zinaya-sad

Invisible.

We note the ending is written separately, but the site is good. The site is boring, work on it. The number of letters in writing the message is too many, make it smaller, maybe it will help someone. As I said, the site is good, but a lot of things are missing. Thank you for your attention and understanding Invisible.

Very good and correct site! I am simply delighted and proud of him! You have to keep it that way! Very useful, most importantly no errors! I recommend it to you and your children! I do not know him:(

Damn, better shut down your slop shop, I so often find complete nonsense in your work. Where have you, literate people, seen the “dancer” completely hit the root??? What word did it come from then, I wonder? yitsukeng

I tried this dictionary in practice. I can suggest modifying the logic of the service so that words completely typed in the input window are also accepted. Now, to perform morphemic analysis of a word after entering several letters, it must be selected from the list. If you type a word for parsing, despite its presence in the list, it is not caught in the dictionary and its parsing is not shown. Although this inconvenience is fully offset by the invaluable service that everyone receives using a service that provides word analysis by composition. The online dictionary has been developed taking into account almost all language nuances and will help both students improve their grades in Russian and test their knowledge. Self-control will not hurt, because Russian can surprise even experts. Daria Bilchik

I work with typesets of texts and online morpheme analysis, which I found on this site, helps me a lot in my work. How well do I know the Russian language, and sometimes I have to look into the dictionary in order to correctly compose texts in Russian. You can find the most complex phrases very simply and easily. I often test myself using this knowledge. I believe that this online dictionary is simply indispensable for both professionals and school students for learning the Russian language. I recommend it to my friends. Maxim Govorov

This dictionary is a good auxiliary tool. To find out a word by its composition online, this need arises when there are difficulties in parsing or doubts. Various speech morphemes are presented here, some are complex due to atypical word formation. Only the analysis of interjections or function words never raises questions, because they contain no auxiliary parts, only the root. Examples: if, but, when, hello, ah, etc. Kuznetsova Irina

Olkezay

I found so much information on this site. It is very helpful for studying grammar in detail, it is very easy to work with. The Russian language is very difficult to learn and a lot of new things have appeared recently. The sound-letter analysis of words, which I found on this site for study, helps me a lot. I study at the Faculty of Philology. Now my fellow students are already using this online dictionary. olga gukol

The "Dictionary of Morphemic Analysis" is offered online. This is a dictionary of word analysis by composition. It contains an analysis of the morphemic structure of more than 2,300 words selected based on the search queries of our website visitors. The dictionary is constantly updated Tequila

Recently, my son’s school took a “Analysis of words by composition” in the Russian language, I had a chance to remember all my knowledge and delve into the Internet. I received a good hint on this site while studying the morphemic analysis of a word. Now the child began to figure out where the base of the word is, where the ending is, and where the root and prefix with suffix are. The most clear thing is that the word must be parsed in the form as it is written in the text, and then divided into parts of which it consists. DictionaryOnline

I study at the Faculty of Philology and this online dictionary was a godsend for me. Sound-letter parsing of words is very easy to use. Even a schoolchild can use such a dictionary, and the most important thing is that when using such a dictionary, knowledge is consolidated in memory perfectly. Now among my classmates it has become very popular to use this dictionary in independent assignments and coursework. Angelina

Correctly identifying the morphemes of a word is not an easy science for anyone, but the reliability of the service is not absolute, since automatic analysis is subject to errors. Just like the morphological analysis of words online by this service contains inaccuracies. For example, the special property of the verbs -give- and -is-, which are inflected in a different type from the general one, is not specified. These are nuances that are significant; this must be taken into account when using these dictionaries. Irina Leonidovna

Morphemic analysis of a word allows you to see all the constituent elements of the word. On the Internet I found this site, which contains a large number of dictionaries and interesting articles. This article very competently and popularly describes the algorithm for morphemic word parsing. An online service has also been proposed that will parse words into their component parts without human intervention. A very convenient service for lazy students. Catherine

I live in Ukraine and study at a Russian school. To write texts correctly, it is very important to be able to do morphemic analysis of words. Our Russian language teacher told us about the existence of an online dictionary and explained how to work with it. Now I do morphemic analysis of words online for free. This helps me in my studies. It is compiled very simply, the explanations are easy to understand. Great help in my learning process. Olga Vasilenko

There are a lot of such words in the Russian language. In my opinion, morphemic analysis of a word is an excellent way to understand where a particular word came from. Find out the root of the word and so on. For example, many culinary words come from French words, I heard about it. In addition, when it is possible to parse a word online, it is even easier. You don’t waste time on this, and you definitely won’t make mistakes. We try to use the service more often, and we really like it. Alexander

Morphemic analysis requires an in-depth study of the origins of words. They change over time, family ties are lost, and as a result there are many discrepancies between different authors of dictionaries. For this reason, morphemic analysis of words online cannot even theoretically claim absolute accuracy, based on only one word-forming dictionary. And word formation is the determining factor in identifying word-forming morphemes and stems. Irina Leonidovna

My friend and I have recently been studying at the philological faculty of our university. During the first session, while preparing coursework, a problem arose with morphemics. Fortunately, our friends told us about the existence of this extraordinary online dictionary! Now the morphemic analysis of a word by composition has become an unusually easy task for us, and all coursework was completed perfectly! Now we recommend this site to all classmates. Igor Petrov

I now teach Russian in high school and I have to turn to analysis very often to teach schoolchildren to write correctly. Now there are good opportunities to use this dictionary to do morphemic analysis of words online. This is very convenient for me and my students, because you can use it in the right situation due to its accessibility. Now any controversial issue can be sorted out using a dictionary. Stephanie.

The online version helps us a lot. Especially when we sit down to study or play some kind of game. I especially like to understand words according to their composition, although sometimes we make mistakes, but we learn from our mistakes. We often look here to make sure we are doing everything right. In addition, there are so many words in the Russian language that it could take years to sort them out. New words have also appeared that are not familiar, and understanding them is even more interesting. Eugene

In my work with my students at school, I now use the dictionary, which is located on this site, for more competent writing of the analysis of words by composition online - it is very convenient. The knowledge gained is easy to remember; such a dictionary contains a lot of information. Then it’s very convenient for me that this dictionary is very accessible, our school has the Internet and children can use it at any time. Victoria Vyacheslavovna

In modern everyday life there are many words that have lost their original roots. Therefore, the analysis of words by composition may not be based on etymology, which causes disagreements when identifying morphemes. This also explains the presence of ambiguous opinions about whether the concepts of cognate words and related ones are identical. For example, -bear- was formed from the combination of 2 roots -med- and -ved-. But now the words honey and vedat are not considered to have the same root. Irina Leonidovna

Online morphemic analysis will help you clearly determine which part of speech the selected word belongs to. After it, without much difficulty, it is possible to find the ending and separate it from the base for further analysis. This step will give us the opportunity to select the root by selecting words of the same root and subsequently find service morphemes - prefixes and suffixes, quickly and conveniently. DictionaryOnline

Isolating morphemes for students presents significant difficulties. Although there are affixes that are quite common. Analysis by composition is easier for students who have a clear understanding of the service word-forming parts. Schoolchildren should know the morphemes that are most common in the formation of new parts of speech from producers, what their lexical function is - the meaning that is given to the resulting words with their help. Irina Leonidovna

I have now become familiar with this site. Russian language teachers told me about it. For teaching the Russian language, the material on word analysis online, located here, is a great help in your work. It is very convenient to work with the dictionary; it is a great helper for spelling literacy. Now I will work with my students using this online dictionary. Now there is WI-FI at school and you can use this dictionary at work. Alexandra

I teach at a Russian school in Ukraine. I just became familiar with this site. I liked how easy and simple it is to use word analysis in this online reference book. The topic is very complex and important in writing literacy. Now I will definitely recommend it to my students, because now the Internet is everywhere and at any time you can use this dictionary when working on texts. Yulia Ivanichenko.

The Russian language is constantly being improved and it is necessary to constantly improve the level of knowledge. Friends told me about a dictionary where you can analyze words by composition online for free. I work with documents and having considered the capabilities of this dictionary, and most importantly its availability at any time, ease of use of the dictionary, I realized the advisability of using it in my work. Stanislav

It is impossible to competently express your thoughts in written or oral forms without knowledge of the rules of word formation. On this site, analyzing a word by its composition online will allow you to quickly determine what, for example, the ending will be in a particular term, how to use a word in the plural, make up complex words, etc. Reducing the time it takes to create a text message and saving nerve cells is a real help not only for schoolchildren, but also for students, teachers, linguists and many others. DictionaryOnline

Many people think that determining the stem by doing morphemic analysis is simple. Found the ending, the foundation remains. However, it is not easy to parse the composition of any part of speech because of the many nuances. They cause frequent errors. For example, the formative suffixes -e-, -ee- and others involved in the comparative degree of adjectives: higher, stronger, bolder, heavier, etc., have a peculiarity. They are not components of the base. Irina Leonidovna

I got acquainted with the analysis of words by composition online on this site. A lot of useful information has been collected, which is logically summarized in this dictionary. The Russian language is constantly improving, so using such an online dictionary is necessary for me as someone who works with documents in my work. It’s very easy for me to work with him, everything is clear and easy to understand. Now I will definitely use this dictionary in my work. Oleg Vasiliev

Working in Ukraine, I deal with documentation that is certainly printed in Ukrainian, but the everyday language is Russian. Both Russian and Ukrainian languages ​​are actively developing. There is a great variety of words of foreign origin in the modern linguistic “arsenal”. When you meet a word for the first time, but you don’t immediately understand its meaning, it becomes necessary to analyze the word’s composition. And thanks to the information summarized on this site, it is extremely easy to remember the principles of this analysis. MariaMaria

Today, we don’t see any problems understanding words online, but the grammar needs to be improved. It is very difficult to remember the school curriculum we had many years ago. You have to look for online helpers so that there are no problems with parsing words and so on. Morphemic analysis of words is especially helpful; my wife and I forgot about this a long time ago. We continue to educate ourselves on the resource. Valery Chalov

In the article at the beginning of the site it is written not growing, but growing! It’s a shame... And why should the message be 150 characters long!?. The site is of course good, but there are some problems #Victor

The root morpheme has the most essential function. Analyzing the word according to its composition, it can be noted that the root, which serves as a common morpheme for all cognates, still has the property of being modified. This happens as a result of the alternation that has developed historically, among the types of which the replacement of a vowel (consonant) with a combination of two vowels (consonants) is especially complex: beat - fight (alternate -i- with -oi-), catch - catch (-v- with -vl- ). Irina Leonidovna

I often have to use an online dictionary in my work. My fellow teachers told me about it. My students had a hard time mastering the topic of morphemic analysis of a word, but without this knowledge of the issue it is difficult to teach them how to write correctly. Now I taught them to use word analysis online. It’s easy to do on this site; even younger students can figure it out; it’s very convenient to use. And mastery of the topic began to progress. Sergey Volkov

No matter how much you study the Russian language, sometimes there are times when you should consult a dictionary to find out the correct spelling. In this online dictionary, the analysis of words by composition is discussed in detail, here you can find all the answers to the question of correct spelling. Therefore, it is convenient and easy for me to use the online dictionary, it is always at hand, it is compiled simply and the information presented in it is in an easily accessible form. Vataliy

To parse words according to their composition online, at first glance, everything is very simple, in fact, we can’t do without the help of your site, the main thing is to find the root of the word, and then everything is much more complicated, that’s why we turn to the site for help, now we only have homework on Only A's, morphemic analysis of words by composition is now not a problem for my son and me, homework is a pleasure to do now with a child. Natalia

There are components of words that differ from the rest - interfixes, which in their role are not significant and do not belong to classical morphemes. Their most famous type is connecting vowels between 2 roots. They occur when you analyze complex words by their composition online, for example, -airplane-. Here the connecting -o- is not included in any morpheme, but it enters the base without interrupting it. Kuznetsova Irina

You would first learn the rules of the Russian language, and then create the site (“grow” in the second line). Spelling of roots -rast-, -rasch- and -ros-: before letters and combinations -st- and -sch- it is written -a-, otherwise it is written -o-. Lenaproplvyaop

Need money for a short time? http://bit.ly/2GmqZAl - lend money Issuing a loan online to a card in 15 minutes. See here: http://bit.ly/2DTmAX2_z Craignes

I fuck dogs, always ready to fuck several cat fucking dogs at once, always ready to fuck several cat fucking dogs at once, always ready to fuck several cat fucking dogs at once, always ready to fuck several cat fucking dogs at once, always ready to fuck several cat fucking dogs at once, always ready to fuck several cats at once I fuck dogs, I'm always ready to fuck several cats at once

Leave your request for the site, or describe the error you found in the article about Parsing by composition (morphemic)

To parse a word according to its composition or do its morphemic analysis means to indicate what morphemes it consists of. A morpheme is the minimally significant part of a word.

The following morphemes exist in Russian:

• The root is the most important part of a word, carrying its meaning. Words with the same root have a common root. For example, the words “leaf”, “leaflet” and “foliage” have a common root - “leaf”. There are words that consist only of the root - “mushroom”, “metro”, “island”. It happens that there are two roots - “motor ship”, “waterfall”. It happens that there are three roots - don’t be afraid - “water and mud baths”. Repeat the rule regarding connecting vowels so as not to make mistakes when writing them;
• suffix is ​​a significant part of a word. Usually located after the root. Used to form new words. For example, in the word “teapot” “tea” is the root, “nik” is the suffix. There may be no suffixes in a word. Sometimes there are two suffixes - for example, in the word “boletus”;
• the prefix is ​​another significant part of the word. Located in front of the root. The purpose is the same as that of a suffix - with its help new words are formed. In the word “suitable”, “move” is the root, “under” is the prefix;
• The ending is the variable part of the word. What is it for? To link words in a sentence;
• A stem is a part of a word without an ending.

Each part of the word has a graphic symbol. You can see how parts of a word are designated in a Russian language textbook, in a morpheme dictionary, or on the Internet.

Rules and exceptions when analyzing by composition

Parsing a word according to its composition online is not difficult if you know the rules by which it is done. At the initial stage, you can use a morpheme-spelling dictionary - it will help you avoid making mistakes.

The word must contain only one or more roots. There are no words without a root. There are no words without a base. But there are very often words without suffixes, prefixes or endings. This shouldn't be surprising.

It often happens that the entire word represents the stem. This happens, for example, with adverbs. They belong to the unchangeable parts of speech. The word "quickly" does not have an ending (the "o" in the word is a suffix), and therefore the entire word will be the basis.

Tikhonov’s word-formation dictionary will help the student in conducting morphemic analysis. This textbook contains information about the composition of 100 thousand words of the Russian language. The dictionary is easy to use, and during primary school it should become your reference book.

Those who have Internet skills will find useful resources where they can do morphemic analysis of words online. Practice if Russian language lessons at school are not enough for you.

A short cheat sheet (plan) on morphemic analysis of words

Morphemic analysis consists of the following stages:

1. Determine which part of speech the word belongs to. To do this, you need to ask him a question. Let’s take the word “trip” as an example. It answers the question “what?”
2. First of all, you need to find the ending in the word. To do this, it needs to be changed several times. Let's change it several times - “before the trip”, “during the trip”. We see that the changing part is “a”. This is the ending.
3. The analysis of the word according to its composition continues with the definition of the root. Let's select words with the same root - “train”, “moving”. Let's compare these words - the “rides” part does not change. This is the root.
4. Let's find out what prefix is ​​in the word. To do this, we analyze once again the words with the same root - “train”, “entrance”. Accordingly, in the word “trip” there is a prefix “by”.
5. The final stage is to find out where the suffix is ​​in the word. The letter “k” remains, which comes after the root and serves to form the word. This is the suffix.
6. We denote all parts of the word with the corresponding symbols.

Morpheme (from the Greek morphe - “form”) is one of the basic units of language, often defined as a minimal sign, i.e. a unit in which a certain phonetic form (signifier) ​​is assigned a certain content (signified) and which is divided into simpler units of the same kind.

To carry out a morphemic analysis of a word means to find from which minimal meaningful units the word is composed and to determine what the status of these constituent units is.

Morphemes are divided into two main groups: root and affix (from the Latin affixus - “attached”), i.e. those that are attached to the root.

Root- bearer of the basic lexical meaning of a word.

Roots can be free, then they are found in the language as an independent word without a word-forming affix, i.e. with a materially expressed or zero ending or without it, if the word does not have a grammatical form: fire, fiery, flint; game, play, toy; there, there; where, somewhere;

Affixal morphemes are also divided into two groups: grammatical, or formative, affixes and word-forming affixes.

Shaping affixes serve to form the form of a word; these include endings, or inflections, and the so-called formative suffixes, for example, suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: Formative affixes are not included in the stem of the word, which is the guardian of the lexical meaning of the word, the guarantee of the word’s identity with itself for any change in the grammatical form.

However, the verb has two stems that serve as the basis for the formation of its different forms. One basis - basis of present tense- serves as the basis for the formation of all forms of present. vr., active participles. pledge present time, passive participle present. vr., gerund. nesov. type, form of the imperative mood.

Second base - past tense- serves as the basis for the formation of past tense forms, active participles. pledge past vr. and the sacrament of suffering. pledge past vr., gerund. owls aspect, infinitive.

Thus, all affixes attached to one or another verb stem (for example, the past tense suffix -l-) are considered only as formative:

Among the nouns and adjectives there are a number of words that are called unchangeable, for example, cinema, metro, flowerpot, muffler, karate; beige, burgundy, air, luxury, etc. They have nothing to indicate the form in which they are used in a sentence. They have no ending. None. And zero too.

In opposition, one form is reflected from another, signaling its existence and at the same time its meaning. The contrast of one grammatical form with another is an important concept in grammar. Without opposition there can be no grammatical form. And since it is not there, then there is nothing to point to the ending. This is why unchangeable words have no ending.

"Pa - under, under, last or humiliation, lowest degree." More examples of words with this prefix: ruin, pabedit (to create trouble after trouble), paschenok (abusive address to someone who is supposedly not even old enough to be a puppy), pavolna (round excitement after a storm, pebble, swell), pavoloka (fabric than wrap themselves around or dress up), turn (return).

The prefix differs from other prefixes, including pas, primarily in the word-formation meaning that it introduces into the derivative, newly formed word.

Suffix located behind the root morpheme. And only one suffix is ​​located at the very end of the word, after all the grammatical affixes - this is the suffix that forms the reflexive verbs -sya/-sya (studied, hid, was lazy, understudied, executed). Its special location is a tribute to the past, to the memory that it was once a pronoun (an unstressed short version of itself) and could even occupy any place in a sentence, not just after the verb. (Such a right was retained by the word sia in some Slavic languages, for example, in Polish.)

The number of prefix and suffix morphemes in the language is not only limited, but also small in comparison with the number of root morphemes.

In dictionaries, for example, in the “Dictionary of Morphemes of the Russian Language” by A.I. Kuznetsova and T.F. Efremova, morphemes, in particular, are presented in a separate list. The list of roots contains 4400 units, prefixes amount to about 34 units (many of them have variants, for example: -without-/bes-, -from-/-iso-, -under-/-subo-, etc.; variants were not taken into account separately). There are slightly more suffixes than prefixes, but much fewer than roots - about 500.

However, not all suffixes are equally active in modern Russian. Of the most active (or, as they are called, productive) suffixes, we will name only a few:

The process of isolating a suffix in a word is complicated by the fact that in the Russian language it is not possible to “mechanically apply” one morpheme to another. At the junction of morphemes, processes occur that are associated with phonological restrictions on the combination of certain sounds. For example: 1) alternating phonemes bake - bake

<к>/<ч>, love - love<бл>/<б>, circle - surround<г>/<ж>etc.; 2) an additional phoneme or group of phonemes appears, which serve as “shock absorbers” when connecting morphemes with each other, compare: fighter, creator and zhi-(l)-ets, pe-(v)-ets; sugar-n-y, road-n-yi highway-(j)-n-y, coffee-(j)-n-y; shelter-searching and in-place-i-(l)-searching; gatekeeper and cinema-(sh)-nick, domino-(sh)-nick.

What is enclosed in parentheses is called differently by different scientists. Some propose the term submorph (from the Latin sub - under, i.e. non-main, non-main morpheme element, or something morpheme-like); others have proposed the term interfix (literally: attached between morphemes; Latin inter - between).

Some linguists include an additional sound element in the suffix, so several unambiguous suffixes are obtained, cf., for example, -shnik- (peteu-shnik) and -nik- (worker-nik). But the carrier of the main meaning, the name of the person, is still the element -nick-, i.e. the one that is present in all words with a given derivational meaning. We propose to call this meaningless (desemantized, asemantic) element submorph and highlight it with brackets to more clearly highlight the main, significant suffix.

The fact is that the term interfix was also used by scientists to name that element that is well known to schoolchildren as a connecting vowel, for example, in the words: seafood, sheep-e-bull, house-o-build, etc. For scientists considering a chain of morphemes combined into a word, it is important to highlight the meaning-forming elements and somehow designate “spacer”, insignificant elements, and it does not matter whether they stand between two roots or between a root and a suffix: ancient-e-Russian, tam-o -(w)-niy. But a schoolchild who has long been familiar with the connecting vowel and has just learned about the existence of “interfixes” does not care - for him these elements are different. Let the interfix remain behind the vowels O And e: snow-o-movement, empty-o-breh, false-e-witness, edge-e-ved, dust-e-purifier.

In some words, it is difficult to find a connecting vowel in a word, since it coincides, merges with part of the word due to euphony: meter O bridge, access O notability. Sometimes an interfix is ​​difficult to find because an entire part of a word is “lost” - usually a syllable. This phenomenon in linguistics is called haplology (from the Greek haploos - simple, logos - word, teaching) - the loss of one or two identical or similar syllables immediately following each other: standard bearer > standard bearer; Lermontoved > Lermontoved; tragicomedy > tragicomedy; pinkish > pinkish.

If the first part of a compound word is a numeral, then the ending of the numeral also serves as an interfix:

Sometimes scientists identify another morphemic unit - confix(from lat. co(n) - with, together): pod-...-nik (window sill, glass holder), behind-...-j- (district, Zagorye).

In addition, there are morphemes that are not repeated in the language, but stand out as such because other parts of the word are definitely morphemes: glass-tier, chalk-yuzg-a, pocht-amt, boy-ugan. Such morphemes are called unixes (unique, inimitable).

So, the main morphemes are named. How to find them in a word?

The correct establishment of boundaries between morphemes is determined by considering the word (or its form, i.e. word form) in a series of formations of the same type in structure (single root and single affix).

Full morphemic analysis assumes that we have established the form and meaning of each element. In obvious cases, any schoolchild can cope with morphemic analysis, but there are cases that are difficult even for professionals, and then the student has only one thing left - to use reference books and refer to authority.

1. Determine what part of speech this word is.
2. Determine whether this is a variable or unchangeable part of speech.
3. Highlight the ending (for variable parts of speech) and the stem.
4. Determine which basis (derivative or non-derivative).
5. Find the root of a word by selecting and matching related words.
6. Highlight the suffix(s) in the derived stem; give one or two single-structure words with the same suffix(s); describe its (their) meaning.
7. Select the prefix(s) at the base of the word; give one or two single-structure words with the same prefix(s); describe its (-their) meaning.

Examples of morphemic analysis of words:

Roadside

1. Adjective.
2. The ending -y is typical for adjectives husband. r., unit, im.p.; Wed: green, beautiful. Separating the ending, we get the basis of the inflection roadside-.
3. The root of the word is dorog-: the same root words: dorog-a, po-dorozhnik, (at the end of the root there is an alternation - g // zh).
4. The suffix -n- with the general meaning ‘relating to something, consisting of something’, cf.: swamp-n-y, water-n-y, iron-n-y.
5. The prefix pri- has the meaning of being near an object, cf.: at the station, at the seaside.

Graphically, the morphemic analysis of a word can be denoted as follows:

Zarechye

1. Noun.
2. Changeable (inflected) part of speech.
3. The ending -e expresses the meaning of cf. r., units h., im. n. We find a similar ending in other nouns: buildings-e, solutions-e. Separating the ending, we get the basis of the inflection zarechy-.
4. The stem is derivative (divided into morphemes).
5. The root of the word is -speech-. We find it in related words: river-a, river-ka, river-noy (at the root there is an alternation of k//h).
6. The suffix -[j]- is used to form nouns with the meaning of place, cf.: Podmoskov-j-e, Zavolzh-j-e, left bank-j-e.
7. The prefix za- has a spatial meaning, cf.: beyond the lake, beyond the Volga region.

Graphic morphemic analysis:

Jam

1. Verb.
2. The unchangeable form of the verb (infinitive).
3. Formative suffix -т; Wed: take, jump. Separating it, we get the word-forming stem (or the infinitive stem - formative): muffled-.
4. The stem is derivative (divided into morphemes).
5. The root of the word is -glunch-. We find it in related words: muffle-it, deaf-oh (at the root there is an alternation of x/w).
6. The suffix -a- serves to form the secondary imperfect (forms of the non-natural aspect from the owl aspect), the suffix of verbs of the first conjugation: beg-a-t, cop-a-t.
7. The prefix za- has the meaning of finality, completion of an action: to beat, to slow down.

Graphic morphemic analysis:

Friendly

1. Adverb.
2. Unchangeable part of speech.
3. The stem of the word is derivative (divided into morphemes).
4. The root of the word friend is. Related words: friend-, friend-ok (at the root there is an alternation of g//f).
5. Suffix -i- of attributive, adjectival adverbs: critical-i, brotherly-i. The suffix -(e)sk- serves to form relative adjectives: critical-esk-iy, father-esk-iy, brother-sk-iy.

Graphic morphemic analysis.

Order of morphemic analysis

Morphemic analysis

involves highlighting all living morphemes in a word or in the form of a word. Consequently, the desired quantity is a morpheme.

The method of morphemic analysis was developed in the works of Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky, Grigory Osipovich Vinokur, and at the present stage of development of science - in the works of Al-dra Nik. Tikhonova, Nick. Max. Shansky, Elena Andreevna Zemskaya. At school they call it composition analysis.

Morphemic analysis allows you to understand how a word is constructed and helps you write the word correctly (this is a literacy regulator).

Morphemic analysis is carried out by comparing a word with cognate and single-structural SS.

There is a complete and abbreviated (only graphical highlighting and oral description) analysis.

1. Name the PD of the analyzed word and determine whether it changes, and if it changes, then how. If it changes, write down 2-3 forms of the word and highlight the ending. Characterize the ending: 1) materially expressed/zero; 2) by value.

2. Select the base. Determine the type of stem: 1) the stem of a word form or the stem of a word; 2) articulated or indivisible; simple or complex; intermittent or compact; 3) derivative or non-derivative.

3. Select the root, select words with the same root. Characterize the root: 1) free or bound; 2) subject, procedural, indicative, quantitative, pronominal; 3) whether it has allomorphs.

4. Select the prefix, select words with the same structure. Describe the prefix: 1) inflectional, word-forming, syncretic; 2) by value.

5. Select the suffix. Choose monostructural words. Characterize the suffix: 1) materially expressed/zero; 2) indicate whether it has allomorphs; 3) inflectional (formative), word-formative, syncretic; 4) by value

6. Select postfix. Determine the function (formative/word-forming).

7. Conditionally designate the sequence of morphemes in the form of a diagram (i.e., depict it graphically).

Quiet-th

§ them. adj., ed. by gender, number, pad.

§ when changing, the ending is highlighted –th(quiet, quiet), mater. VZH, has Z m.r., singular, Name/Vin.p.

§ the basis quiet- compact, indivisible, non-derivative

§ root quiet(silence, calm down) - free (base = root), has an allomorph tish (x//sh), characteristic Z

§ no prefixes

§ no suffixes

!!! Morphemic analysis may be any word in any word form is subjected.

The wind was getting stronger.

Stronger

• compare step. adj., unchanged
• no ending
• the basis stronger- compact, articulated, derivative
• root strength (strength, strengthen, forceful), has allomorphs strength/strength’(l//l’), subject, free
• suffix – her- forms compare. step. adj., may have an option – her (stronger) one-struc. SS- more beautiful, faster, f/Oing suffix
• suffix – n- forms quality. adj. with Z “having a property, quality”, may have an allomorph -he (strong- o//zero sound), word-forming

It is imperative to monitor the selection of j. He might in different morphemes. It must be entered.