Features of the state category as a part of speech. Predicative adverbs See what “predicative adverbs” are in other dictionaries

ADVERB

In their general meaning of non-procedural attribute, adverbs are close to adjectives. This meaning determines the syntactic functions of adverbs: firstly, they define a verb, name or other adverb, connecting to it by adjacency; secondly, adverbs are freely used as a predicate; thirdly, adverbs define the sentence as a whole. All of these adverb functions are described in the Syntax section.

This or that type of relationship that arises in the syntactic connections of adverbs is largely predetermined (and very often limited) by the lexical meanings of the adverbs themselves: everywhere fog or road home - determination by place, Today rain or meeting In the evening - determination by time, Very amusing– definition by measure, degree.

To the unmotivated Adverbs primarily include words that name a characteristic as this or that circumstance: time: yesterday, Tomorrow, Then, When, Sometimes, Always, Bye, Now, now(obsolete), already, after; places: over there, away, Here, Where, near, near, near, there, here, there, here, Where, everywhere; image and method of action: all of a sudden, How, So, otherwise; degrees or measures: so many(obsolete so), How many(obsolete how much), Very, almost, barely, barely, a little.

Predicative adverbs in - O, as well as the word need to form comparative forms. degrees: To him became worse ; It was becoming colder ; On street more deserted , how in the morning; WITH you us will more fun .

Adverbs, mostly unmotivated, are associated with auxiliary parts of speech: they serve as the basis for the formation of particles (see §), prepositions (see §) and conjunctions (see §). These are the adverbs near, along, inside, near, around, all around, by, against, near, on top, near, behind, after, in the middle, before, against, above, behind, through, among, exactly, smooth(simple) Bye, for now, only, only, barely, then, Then, besides, So, That's why, Then. Relative (conjunctive) words are formed from pronominal adverbs: Where, Where, where, For what, Why(cm. § -).

By connecting two words, the preposition as a grammatical unit is simultaneously addressed to both of them; this is found primarily with strong and regularly predictable weak syntactic connections; For example, consist from particles: consist from And from particles; speak O in fact – speak O And O in fact; look behind children – look behind And behind children; move in V city – move in V And V city. Moreover, in connections with the control word ( speak O, look behind etc.), never functioning independently, a preposition often turns out to be a necessary indicator of the lexical meaning of a word; Wed different meanings verb consist in cases consist from (whom-what-n.: substance consists of from particles, group consists of from Komsomol members) And consist V (com-how-n.: V frontline workers, V squad); Ch. speak in cases speak O (com-how-n. (verbally express thoughts, report)) and speak With (by whom-n. (to talk, to have a conversation)); Ch. look in cases look on (whom-What-n.) And look behind(by someone or something). The combination of a preposition with a dependent form is always easily separated from the dominant word, acquires independence and is capable of relatively independent functioning in a sentence, in the role of names or elements of the whole text: look behind children – Behind children needed eye Yes eye; speak O in fact – I – O in fact; ABOUT time And O to myself(Name); bask on sunshine – On sunshine warm weather; write To friend – TO friend(title of the poem); TO friend – neither lines; drive on fishing – On fishing(title, caption under the picture, photograph); On fishing – all family. In all such cases, the preposition no longer performs a connecting function between words, but carries only the meaning of one or another relationship.

§. Basic , central character of meaning(or meanings) of the primitive preposition is usually supported by the following factors.

1) There is a prefix in the language that is unambiguous with the preposition or close in meaning to it: insane – without crazy, safety – without dangers(in both cases – the value of absence); interzonal – between zones(meaning interconnectedness); early – before deadline(precedence meaning). Such semantic correspondences with prefixes exist for the following prepositions: without (without forests – treeless, without crazy – madness), V (drive V – move in, look V [face] – take a closer look), before (fly before – fly, before deadline – early, run before [fatigue] – run after), behind (behind Volga – Zavolzhsky, run behind [fence] – run in), from (drive from [cities] – expel), between, between (between continents – intercontinental, between rivers – interfluve), on (quit on What-n. – throw, on wall – wall, complain on [whom-l.] – complain), above (build above – build on, above eyebrows – eyebrow, swear above [shrine] (obsolete) – abuse), from (drive from what-n. – drive off, cut from [loaf] – cut off, count from [units] – count down, form from verb – verbal), before, before (before mountain – foothills, before launch – pre-launch), By (By Volga – Volga region, By to his [discretion] – By-his, By pieces – piece, By forces – feasible, By of death – posthumous), under (put under What-n. – plant, under earth – underground, under Moscow – Moscow region, under protection – client), at (at stations – station, build [barn] at [home] – attach, [sing And] at this dance – dance, at people – in public [new.]), With (jump With – jump off, cut With [edges] – cutting down, together With [by whom-n.] – joint, unity With [by whom-n.] – compound, paint With [nature] – sketch), through, through (through saddle – saddlemaker, through measure – excessive).

Note: Some adverbial prepositions have similar relationships: outside (outside time – timeless, outside plan – unscheduled), inside, inside (inside veins – intravenous, inside apartments – intra-apartment), near (near land – near-Earth), against (against fire – fire-fighting, fight against whom-n. – confrontation), above (above state – supernumerary), along (along rows – along-row, special), among (among season – mid-season).

2) Under the condition of a strong or regularly predictable syntactic connection, the preposition and the prefix of the grammatically dominant word coincide: a) complete match - phonemic and semantic or b) only semantic match: a) move in V city, get there before places, run in behind corner, exclude from lists, run into on pillar, abuse above whose-n. memory, bounce off from doors, appear before court, plant under head, move out With mountains, connect With friends; b) jump over through fence, cleanse yourself from mud, leave from cities, shield yourself from sun, touch To hand, sneak up To to the beast, climb on roof, climb V barn, go deeper V forest.

3) A preposition in this meaning can be combined with more than one case. Yes, an excuse V reveals the meaning of spatial relationship (being inside) in combination with wine. and sentence P. ( V house And V home, V forest And V forest); pretext behind reveals the meaning of a spatial relationship (being behind, on the other side) in combination with wine. and TV P. ( behind house And behind home, behind river And behind river); pretext between, between reveals the meaning of a spatial relationship (being in the gap or among someone) in combination with gender. and TV P. ( between bushes And between bushes); pretext on reveals the meaning of a spatial relationship - being on top of something. – in combination with wine. and sentence P. ( on table And on table, on mountain And on grief); pretext By reveals the meaning of the object relation in combination with the cases of dates. and sentence ([ miss] By son And By son); pretext under reveals the meaning of a spatial relationship - being below something. – in combination with cases of wines. and TV ( under table And under table).

§. With the central, main meaning of the preposition usually associated meanings, grouping around this value as its derivatives. Yes, for an excuse on with wine and sentence The central meanings are spatial (being on the surface) and object relations. With the first value ( climb on roof, sit on roof, postpone on paper, draw on paper) are associated with such derived meanings as the actual spatial meaning, including the figurative meaning. and phraseologization ( live on Ukraine, drive on Ukraine; yearning lay down on soul, on heart, fell asleep on mind; hole on hole, patch on patch plant; being inside ( restless on soul, on heart, What at him on mind), space-weapon ( sit on oars, on steering wheel, sit down on oars, on steering wheel), space-time ( on ball, on concert, on ball, on concert), defining-qualifying ( Human on crutches, stand up on crutches), replenishing ( be on whose-n. dependent, be on cure, go on whose-n. dependency, send on treatment). With the second value – object ( concentrate on work, insist on operations, be angry on children, look on stranger, agree on trip, please on everyone) is associated with the object-subject meaning derived from it ( On supplier is listed duty, On you No guilt). As for the peripheral - various adverbial meanings of the preposition on, then they are distributed between cases (vin. and preposition) and are not connected by relations of production either with the main meanings of this preposition or with each other: with wine. P.: come on month, be late on hour, buy on ruble, divide on parts, memorize on fresh head, stock up on winter, see you on another day; with prepositional case: stay on I'm running, on on the go, quarrel on people, meet on these days, be perceived on united breathing.

The meanings of each preposition are described in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.

§. Like any significant unit of language, the meaning of the preposition lies within it. However, to identify(establishing) one or another meaning of a primitive preposition is always context required, minimal verbal environment. Such an environment is either the members of the phrase connected by a preposition, or the form of a specific word that, together with the preposition, forms a prepositional-case connection - already in relation to this connection itself to the minimal context in the sentence. In both cases, to determine the meaning of the preposition, two factors simultaneously play a primary role: firstly, the case form of the name attached by the preposition, and secondly, the lexical meanings of the words. Yes, in phrases be ashamed before comrade And stand before comrade different meanings of preposition before in combination with TV. n. (objective relation in the first case and spatial relation in the second) are identified on the basis of the lexical meanings of verbs be ashamed And stand; in phrases road before Houses And dream before dawn different meanings of limit in a preposition before are established on the basis of the lexical meanings of both members of the phrase (in the first case the limit is spatial, in the second – temporal). On the other hand, in such cases How Before Houses more some kilometers or Before dawn left not for long the meaning of the preposition (spatial or temporal) is established, firstly, on the basis of the lexical meanings of significant words, and secondly, on the basis of the relationship of the prepositional case form to the sentence as a whole. In cases to pay behind house And hide behind house different meanings of preposition behind(objective and spatial) in its combination with wine. items are established on the basis of the lexical meanings of verbs; when same Behind house Nothing Not will regret the objective meaning of the preposition in the same combination is established on the basis of the relationship of the prepositional case form to the entire composition of the sentence.

Note: The prepositional case form can be used in a relatively independent position: as a title, signature, at the absolute beginning of the text; for example, headings, titles: On lake; U builders; On enemy!; Behind victory; TO Venus; About naked king(gas., cap.); About This(Mayakovsk); ABOUT frontline workers; IN city; For happiness our children; WITH love To nature. At the beginning of the text : By Smolensk road . Long corridor And revealed departments first class carriage(Bunin). Such forms are abstracted from the most characteristic, common and frequently used combinations, and their meanings, and therefore the meanings of prepositions, are recognized by native speakers on the basis of stable linguistic associations with these combinations.

§. Together with the case form of the name, the preposition forms a syntactic unity, so the so-called prepositional case form of the name. In most cases, it is impossible to establish a case meaning separate from the preposition in such a connection. In combinations such as, for example, without father, behind fence, on road, before home, With friends for the modern linguistic state, the meaning of the case form cannot be considered outside of its combination with a preposition: at the level of syntactic semantics, the prepositional-case form is indivisible.

In the sphere of combining prepositions and cases, there is a narrow range of phenomena in relation to which we can talk about separate meanings of preposition and case and the coincidence of these meanings. This includes, for example, combinations of the preposition To from date p.: both the preposition and the case mean addressed, directed, addressed to someone. (cf.: write father And write To father); preposition combinations about with wine p.: both preposition and case have an objective meaning (cf.: discuss event And speak about event); similarly, the correspondence of the meanings of preposition and case in such cases as believe V of people(cf.: be in love of people), hope on success(cf.: foresee success). However, such phenomena are few in number. In general, in relation to the modern linguistic state, it is impossible to say that in the prepositional-case form the meaning of the preposition is correlated with the meaning of the case, supports it and is supported by it, it is impossible: by combining the preposition with the case form a new, special and integral semantic unit is formed.

§. In the modern Russian literary language, the class of prepositions is actively expanding. Neither in their formal structure, nor in the systems of their lexical meanings, nor in the rules for choosing connected units, the words of this class are not homogeneous. The close and living connections of many prepositional formations with words of significant parts of speech explain the fact that a preposition is often deprived of the most important feature of a separate word - completeness. In many cases, however, the lack of completeness of the preposition turns out to be only an external factor - a spelling one. The continuing enrichment of the class of prepositions by “suggesting” individual forms of such significant words that name the relation lexically is evidence of the development and enrichment of the system of abstract syntactic meanings.

About fluctuations in the use of individual prepositions and their compatibility, as well as about the variability of prepositional connections and synonymy in the system of prepositions, see the section "Syntax. Subordinating connections of words."

Many qualitative adverbs in -o, -e secured, along with the main one, a syntactically separate predicative meaning. These are the so-called predicative adverbs, or predicates.

Adverbs of degree denote the nature of the intensity of the attribute: fire, scary, terrible, amazing, exceptional; much, too, absolutely, completely; heresgur, extremely, very, completely, completely, so much, twice, five times, barely, barely, barely, barely, gut-gut, slightly, a little, several, decomposition a little bit, a little bit etc. Usually they define an adjective or adverb and, less often, nouns. At the same time, some adverbs are used only with adjectives and adverbs in the positive degree: very interesting, terribly fun, completely free; others - only with adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree: much more interesting, much longer, twice as good; still others - with adjectives and adverbs in both positive and comparative degrees: a little, a little funny, funny, funnier. Some adverbs with the meaning of measure or degree are combined with nouns of qualitatively characterizing meanings: Ogn is not a fool, quite a fool, a bit of a formalist, nails a poet, a romantic heresgur.

Adverbs of degree can be unmotivated ( ogen, barely, hum) and motivated (surprisingly, too much, twice as much). The meaning of a high degree can be contained in a qualitative adverb, for example: absolutely, extraordinarily, incredibly, dreamily, madly, horribly, unheard of, boundless, immeasurably, dazzling, unbearable, intolerable, brilliant, supernatural, comparatively, relatively and etc.

When used to indicate the degree of manifestation of a characteristic, qualitative adverbs usually do not form comparative forms: deathly pale, absolutely deaf, monstrously rich.

Adverbs of adverbs are divided into adverbs of place and direction: near, far, nearby, nearby, at home, home, below, around, from afar, from within, here, there, here, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere etc.: time: now, now, tomorrow, during the day, in winter, a long time ago, soon, earlier, the day before, on time, daily, long ago, walked, first, already and etc.; causes: rashly, out of anger, blindly and etc.; goals: out of spite, deliberately, out of laughter, compatibility: together, together, together, in pairs: alone, alone and etc.

The class of adverbs conventionally includes the so-called predicative adverbs, or predicates - words that are separated from the class of adverbs, always occupying the position of the main member or one of the main members of the sentence. They are similar to adverbs in their word-formation structure (the core of predicative adverbs consists of words motivated by qualitative adjectives) and the presence of comparative forms in the vast majority of words. Unlike adverbs, predicates do not enter into verbal connections as a dependent component, which makes them similar to short adjectives, some nouns and short passive participles in the function of a predicate.

Among the predicative adverbs the following stand out:

1) a large group of words in -O(correlative in meaning with qualitative adverbs), denoting a feeling, emotional state: fun, sad, joyful, sad, funny, alarming - or physical condition: windy, deserted, warm, cold; painful, stuffy, bad;
2) words (unrelated to qualitative adverbs) denoting an internal state (ashamed, ashamed, outdated any).

Predicative adverbs are a group of words replenished by adverbs containing qualitative meanings: It's snowy and cold inside(Hertz.); And under the mask it was starry(Block); The dance hall is empty and songless(Birth.).

Predicative adverbs also include a group of words with modal meanings of obligation, necessity, and possibility. These adverbs are usually called modal predicates. Modal predicates are independent words, in modern Russian they are not correlated with qualitative adverbs and short adjectives, for example: it is possible, perhaps, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary(obsolete), must.

Predicative adverbs of the first group (as well as the corresponding qualitative adverbs), as well as words perhaps, necessary, necessary form comparative forms: Badly - worse, miserable - stingier, need - more necessary.

Predicative adverbs occupy the position of one of the main members in sentences with the general meaning of a subjective state addressed to an object: The hut was visible; The horn is barely audible; His hand hurts or the position of the main member in sentences with the meaning of a state - non-subjective or related to the subject: Children have fun; Lie - ashamed; Convenient for visitors; To admit is ashamed; It's cold outside.

Modal predicates occupy the position of one of the main members in sentences with the general meaning of the subject state as a possibility, ability, timeliness of carrying out an action, state: I need to go; He must endure; It is necessary to receive the parcel.

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§ 54. Adverbs of hissing

author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

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§ 55. Negative adverbs

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

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6.70. Transition of gerunds into adverbs

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

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From the book TRANSFORMATION by Bandler Richard

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From the book Learning Foreign Languages author Melnikov Ilya

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Adverbs include unchangeable words denoting a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or other feature

An adverb, referring to a verb, adjective, adverb and noun, formalizes its connection with them by adjacency.

Morphological features of adverbs:

Immutability (absence of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs with -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives (quickly - faster, colloquial faster, boldly - bolder, colloquial bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of an adjective. They differ syntactically: the comparative degree of the adjective refers to the noun, for example: Now the fragrant forest, the lush shadow of the night (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb - to the verb, for example: The shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, the superlative degree in -ayshe, -eyshe is used, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot (Gr.).

The presence of special word-forming suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -о, -е (fun, sincerely), -и (enemy, friendly), -й (wolf-like, human-like), -оmy , -to him (in a good way, in a new way); comparative and superlative suffixes (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -ee (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, most humbly), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk(o), -enk(o), -okhonk(o), -onechk(o) (quietly, nicely, lightly, quietly), -ovat(o), -evat(o) (badly, dapper) . Subjective evaluation suffixes are possible for qualitative adverbs.

Lexical and word-formation correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; alternately, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying down, happily); The most ancient adverbs by origin, related to pronouns in the modern Russian language, act as non-derivatives (where, where, here, there).

The main role of adverbs in a sentence is to designate various circumstances. As an adverbial word, an adverb most often adjoins a predicate-verb

Classes of adverbs by meaning

According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into two groups - attributive adverbs and adverbial adverbs.

Determinative adverbs characterize an action or attribute in terms of its quality, quantity and method of execution.

2 Definitive qualitative adverbs denote the quality of an action or attribute. For example: cheerfully, loudly, excitedly, unsightly, affectionately, boldly, somehow, somehow, etc. He carefully kneaded the ear of grain in his palms

3 Determinative quantitative adverbs denote the measure and degree of quality, intensity of action. For example: very, very, almost, barely, not at all, too, too, slightly, twice, three times, quite

4 Determinative adverbs of image or method of action characterize how the action is performed. For example: to pieces, on foot, by touch, by hand-to-hand swimming, etc.

Adverbial adverbs serve as indicators of spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships.

1 Adverbs of time indicate the time at which an action is performed.

2 Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action is performed or its direction.

3 Adverbs of cause indicate the reason why an action is performed.

4 Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose for which an action is performed.

Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant, unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).

Impersonal predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - the expression of a state or its assessment.

The morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:

1. Lack of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.

2. The presence of the suffix -o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).

3. The ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by a connective with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, was sad, will be sad; became sad, will become sad). The absence of a copula serves as an indicator of the present tense.

4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words ending in -o, formed from short adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy - it will become easier.

5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sad corresponds with the word sad, warm - with warm, heavy - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, conscientiously in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, maybe does not correlate with “possible”.

Impersonal predicative words do not agree and are not controlled

Impersonal predicative words can be distributed in the forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional case with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms.

PREDICATIVE ADVERBS

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012