Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);
3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:
Phenomena occurring simultaneously.
For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions
(and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationships.
For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:
For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.
I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- cause-and-effect relationships.
For example:
Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.
I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.
Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.
The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .
For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is opposed to another.
For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.
Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).
Unions but , but indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.
For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.
Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Dividing unions or And or can be single or repeating.
With more detailed description types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :
For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened for him.
Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
| Compound Sentences | Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members |
| The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches. | And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
|
| The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten. | Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
|
| The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back. | In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water. |
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes. | I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins. |
COMPOUND SENTENCE (SSP)
Plan
1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSCs according to potential quantitative composition: complex sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).
2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with semantic groups of conjunctions.
2.1. BSC with connecting unions of open and closed structure.
2.2. SPP with dividing unions.
2.3. SPP with adversarial alliances.
2.4. NGN with connecting unions.
2.5. IPS with explanatory conjunctions.
2.6. Gradational SSP.
3. Punctuation marks in the BSC.
Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them and are not members of the sentence.
All BSCs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.
Parts of compound sentences open the structures are an open series; they are constructed in the same way. Means of communication are proper connecting and dividing conjunctions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird screamed... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed quietly, Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white was moving in the bushes(Korolenko). In an open structure SSP there can be more than two predicative units (PU): That a long branch suddenly catches her neck, That the golden earrings will be torn out of your ears by force; That a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; That she will drop her handkerchief...(P.).
In sentences closed the structures of a part are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together A wealth separates them; He wanted to tell him something But the fat man has already disappeared(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating conjunctions: but, and, however, yes and; not only but and etc.
Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into six groups.
3.1. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONNECTING CONJUNCTIONS.
List of connecting conjunctions (single and repeating): and, yes, too, also, and also; both... so and, yes... yes, and... and.
Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure.
2.1.1. BSC open structure
Similar BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PU ( P reductive e units). Conjunctions AND (AND...AND), NEI...NOR, YES (YES...YES).
In such SSPs, the predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report:
A) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [Kaluna Not growing between us], neither [grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [ the sun is shining], And [ the grass turns green], And [ the birds are singing like spring]. As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the BSC are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Viburnum does not grow between them. The grass doesn't turn green.
b) about their following one after another, sequence: [Upslidtwo-three large kȧpli rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] ( I. Goncharov ). [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified in words then, then, after.
Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.
Such BSCs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause-determinant (in this case, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC):
In the distance dark and the groves are strict(I. Bunin): by the union And the impersonal one-part PE is connected Dark and two-part The groves are strict. Determinant (general member of the BSC) in the distance clearly shows that homogeneous facts are listed.
(When the sun rose), [the dew has dried]And [the grass turned green]. Subordinate clause When the sun rose refers immediately to both PU connected by connecting relations, therefore a comma is not placed before the union AND.
The simultaneity and sequence of the listed facts is often emphasized by the correspondence of the aspectual and tense forms of the predicates in different PU (as a rule, the predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of missiles] and [mad patter flooded machine guns] (Sedikh). In both parts of the SSP, predicate verbs are of the perfect form. General member of the sentence (adverbial tense) at that very moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the placement of a comma between PEs.
2.1.2. BSC closed structure
The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating conjunctions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words that specify meanings. They consist only from two PE. The relationships between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is connected in meaning to another, especially if there are specific words.
Stands out six types SSP closed structure.
1. Sentences with meaning consequence - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, rapid change of events. They often use words that specify meaning therefore, because, therefore, therefore, means(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to a conjunction and clarify its meaning). The second part reports the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] my mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore, you can’t live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Be able to create the appropriate conditions and you will extend the life of plants(conditional-effect relationships: If you can create the conditions, then extend...). The artist raised his bow and everything instantly fell silent.
2. BSC with distributional meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (found at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and This it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PU there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the BSC: New schedules have been introduced and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.
3. BSC with connective-adversative meaning with the union AND: parts contradict each other in real content. Possible qualifying words nevertheless, after all, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt her and it didn't work.
4. BSC with identifying meaning(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: The people were very hungry, the horses Same needed a rest(Arsenyev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).
5. SPP with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. The role of concretizing words is in addition, moreover, in addition, besides, moreover and under.: They will compare you to men, yes more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).
6. SPP with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: Still the same yard, still the same laughter, and only you're missing a little bit(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on temple(A.N. Tolstoy). Words only can serve as unions.
COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIVIDING CONJUNCTIONS.
List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:
These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:
1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).
2. IN dividing SSP with meaning alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).
SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)
Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction or either. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.
1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.
2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.
3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.
4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly drove up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)
Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.
1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).
2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.
3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.
4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.
5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.
6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)
7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)
Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.
Analysis sample.
And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)
1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.
2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.
3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating conjunction and, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, the relationship in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.
Scheme: and , and .
4. Analysis of each PE.
1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.
grass smells
b) Complete.
c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish
crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.
2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.
a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by the conjugated verb present. vr. nesov.v.
b) Complete.
c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.
d) Complicated by the widespread isolated definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.
Suggestions for parsing
1. You don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).
2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.
2.3. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.
Compound sentences with closed structure With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, yes(in meaning But).
Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.
Comparative relations characteristic of BSCs with interchangeable conjunctions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but despite all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together A wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, but his comrades loved him(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in predicative parts comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.
The most common among such sentences are those with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral conjunction A. For example: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty...(Chekhov).
Union same, related in origin to the intensifying particle same, retains its excretory-intensifying value; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, we same with combat unit(Chekhov).
Offers with adversarial relationships according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) they are based on the inconsistency of the events mentioned in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.
1) adversative-restrictive proposals (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This grammatical meaning can be most clearly seen in constructions with forms of the subjunctive or “invalid” (with the particle was) moods, with auxiliary verbs want, desire and under.: I guess I I would eat it a little snow, But the snow on Sukharevka was dirty(V. Kaverin). He started to pour some tea for her But she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.
These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connecting-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the function of a union: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.
Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise Mama will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truthnot that you'll get it.
2) In adversarial-concessive SSP's adversative meaning is complicated by a concessive one (such a SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which contains conjunctions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], But[I lived in a shack in the yard](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Although I had my own room in the house), [I lived in a shack in the yard] . Possible qualifying words nevertheless, nevertheless, despite this, meanwhile, with all this and etc.: The bird told you nonsense, but anyway he is a good man(N. Ostrovsky) .
3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but, yes) events are assessed: in one part positive, in the other – negative: The guns are rusting in the arsenals, but shakos sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid, high headdress of some military units.
4) B offensive-spreading The second part of the BSC complements the first. As in connecting-extensive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word This: I turned my back to him, but This seems to have increased his suspicions(V. Kaverin).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions (or (or), or, then... then, not that... not that, either... or) separative relations are expressed - relations of mutual exclusion or alternation. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions can be either binomial or polynomial; most of them are of homogeneous composition.
- Relations of mutual exclusion are expressed with the help of conjunctions or (or), or, not that... not that, either... or.
In sentences with a neutral repeating conjunction not that... not mb, relations of mutual exclusion are complicated by an indication of the difficulty of isolating one from two or from a number of phenomena, due to the uncertainty of impressions from each of them. For example: It’s not who the horse was given to, it’s not who the new one has arrived (Danilevsky).
The same relationships are expressed by a repeating conjunction, either... or, with a touch of conversational style, for example: Either the rustle of an ear of corn, the flutter of the breeze, or a warm hand stroking the hair (Surkov).
- Alternation sentences (with a repeating conjunction then...that) say that the events reported in the predicative parts exist in different time plans, that is, they alternate. Such sentences are used in all stylistic varieties of literary language. For example: Either the sun shines dimly, or a black cloud hangs (Nekrasov). Her chest either rose high, or she seemed to be holding her breath (Lermontov).
More on the topic § 88. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions:
- 328. Syntactic relations between parts of complex sentences
- § 87. Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions
- § 88. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions
- § 203. Semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence
- MEANS OF CONNECTING PARTS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
- Principles of classification of complex sentences. Structural and semantic characteristics of types of complex sentences. The place of complex sentences with connecting and gradational conjunctions in the complex sentence system. Question about complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
Plan
1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSCs according to potential quantitative composition: complex sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).
2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with semantic groups of conjunctions.
2.1. BSC with connecting unions of open and closed structure.
2.2. SPP with dividing unions.
2.3. SPP with adversarial alliances.
2.4. NGN with connecting unions.
2.5. IPS with explanatory conjunctions.
2.6. Gradational SSP.
3. Punctuation marks in the BSC.
Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them and are not members of the sentence.
The classification of compound sentences in Russian linguistics has not changed significantly. Starting with the grammar of N.I. Grech, all descriptions of the SSP were built on the same principle: according to the nature of the semantic relationships between the components and in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions, connecting, disjunctive and adversative sentences were distinguished. Only the description of semantic groups within these classes changed and became more detailed. In addition, to the traditionally identified three classes of complex sentences, two more were added in the 50s of the 20th century: explanatory sentences in which the parts are connected by relations of explanation or clarification (specific exponents of these relations are conjunctions that is, namely and other allied means that are functionally close to them), and connecting sentences in which the second part contains an “additional message” regarding the content of the first part.
The most consistent and consistent classification of BSC, based on structural and semantic features, was given by Vera Arsenyevna Beloshapkova. She considers the potential quantitative composition to be the main structural feature of BSC.
All BSCs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.
Parts of compound sentences open the structures are an open series; they are constructed in the same way. Means of communication are proper connecting and dividing conjunctions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird screamed... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed quietly, Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white was moving in the bushes(Korolenko). In an open structure SSP there can be more than two predicative units (PU): That a long branch suddenly catches her neck, That the golden earrings will be torn out of your ears by force; That a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; That she will drop her handkerchief...(P.).
In sentences closed the structures of a part are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together A wealth separates them; He wanted to tell him something But the fat man has already disappeared(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating conjunctions: but, and, however, yes and; not only but and etc.
Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into six groups.
3.1. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONNECTING CONJUNCTIONS.
List of connecting conjunctions (single and repeating): and, yes, too, also, and also; both... so and, yes... yes, and... and.
Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure. They are called proper-connective and non-proper-connective SSPs (according to another terminology: homogeneous composition and heterogeneous composition).
2.1.1. SSP open structure (self-connecting; homogeneous composition)
Similar BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs. Conjunctions AND (AND...AND), NEI...NOR, YES (YES...YES).
In such SSPs, the predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report:
A) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [viburnum Not growing between them], neither [grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], And[sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok). [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down some unlived years](M. Sholokhov). As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the BSC are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Viburnum does not grow between them. The grass doesn't turn green.
b) about their following one after another, sequence: [Upalidtwo-three large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] (I. Goncharov [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified in words then, then, after.
Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.
Such BSCs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause (in this case, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC):
In the distance dark and the groves are strict(I. Bunin): by the union And the impersonal one-part PE is connected Dark and two-part The groves are strict. Determinant (general member of the BSC) in the distance clearly shows that homogeneous facts are listed.
(When the sun rose), [the dew has dried]And [the grass turned green]. Subordinate clause When the sun rose refers immediately to both PU connected by connecting relations, therefore a comma is not placed before the union AND.
The simultaneity and sequence of the listed facts is often emphasized by the correspondence of the aspectual and tense forms of the predicates in different PU (as a rule, the predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of missiles] and [mad patter flooded machine guns] (Sedikh). In both parts of the SSP, predicate verbs are of the perfect form. General member of the sentence (adverbial tense) at that very moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the placement of a comma between PEs.
2.1.2. SSP of closed structure (non-self-connecting; heterogeneous composition)
The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating conjunctions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words that specify meanings. They consist only from two PE. The relationships between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is connected in meaning to another, especially if there are words that specify it.
Stands out six types improperly connecting BSC.
1. Sentences with meaning consequence - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, rapid change of events. They often use words that specify meaning therefore, because, therefore, therefore, means(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to a conjunction and clarify its meaning). The second part reports the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] my mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore, you can’t live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Be able to create the appropriate conditions and you will extend the life of plants(conditional-effect relationships: If you can create the conditions, then extend...). The artist raised his bow and everything instantly fell silent.
2. BSC with distributional meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (found at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and This it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PU there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the BSC: New schedules have been introduced and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.
3. BSC with connective-adversative meaning with the union AND: parts contradict each other in real content. Possible qualifying words nevertheless, after all, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt her and it didn't work.
4. BSC with identifying meaning(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: The people were very hungry, the horses Same needed a rest(Arsenyev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).
5. SPP with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. The role of concretizing words is in addition, moreover, in addition, besides, moreover and under.: They will compare you to men, yes more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).
6. SPP with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: Still the same yard, still the same laughter, and only you're missing a little bit(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on temple(A.N. Tolstoy). Words only can serve as unions.
COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIVIDING CONJUNCTIONS.
List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:
These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:
1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).
2. In separating BSCs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).
SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)
Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction or either. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.
1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.
2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.
3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.
4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly drove up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)
Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.
1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).
2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.
3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.
4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.
5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.
6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)
7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)
Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.
Analysis sample.
And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)
1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.
2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.
3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating conjunction and, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, the relationship in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.
Scheme: and , and .
4. Analysis of each PE.
1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.
grass smells
b) Complete.
c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish
crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.
2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.
a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by the conjugated verb present. vr. nesov.v.
b) Complete.
c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.
d) Complicated by the widespread isolated definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.
Suggestions for parsing
1. You don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).
2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.
2.3. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.
Compound sentences with closed structure With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, yes(in meaning But).
Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.
Comparative relations characteristic of BSCs with interchangeable conjunctions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but despite all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together A wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, but his comrades loved him(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.
The most common among such sentences are those with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral conjunction A. For example: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty...(Chekhov).
Union same, related in origin to the intensifying particle same, retains its excretory-intensifying value; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, we same with combat unit(Chekhov).
Offers with adversarial relationships according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) they are based on the inconsistency of the events mentioned in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.
1) adversative-restrictive proposals (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This grammatical meaning can be most clearly seen in constructions with forms of the subjunctive or “invalid” (with the particle was) moods, with auxiliary verbs want, desire and under.: I guess I I would eat it a little snow, But the snow on Sukharevka was dirty(V. Kaverin). He started to pour some tea for her But she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.
These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connecting-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the function of a union: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.
Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise Mama will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truthnot that you'll get it.
2) In adversarial-concessive SSP's adversative meaning is complicated by a concessive one (such a SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which contains conjunctions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], But[I lived in a shack in the yard](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Although I had my own room in the house), [I lived in a shack in the yard] . Possible qualifying words nevertheless, nevertheless, despite this, meanwhile, with all this and etc.: The bird told you nonsense, but anyway he is a good man(N. Ostrovsky) .
3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but, yes) events are assessed: in one part positive, in the other – negative: The guns are rusting in the arsenals, but shakos sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid, high headdress of some military units.
4) B offensive-spreading The second part of the BSC complements the first. As in connecting-extensive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word This: I turned my back to him, but This seems to have increased his suspicions(V. Kaverin).
List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:
These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:
1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).
2. In separating BSCs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).
SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)
Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction or either. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.
1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.
2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.
3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.
4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly drove up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)
Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.
1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).
2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.
3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.
4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.
5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.
6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)
7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)
Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.
Analysis sample.
And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)
1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.
2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.
3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating conjunction and, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, the relationship in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.
Scheme: and , and .
4. Analysis of each PE.
1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.
grass smells
b) Complete.
c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish
crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.
2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.
a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by the conjugated verb present. vr. nesov.v.
b) Complete.
c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.
d) Complicated by the widespread isolated definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.
Suggestions for parsing
1. You don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).
2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.