An example of a complex sentence with connectives. Ssp with dividing unions. Constructions with explanatory conjunctions

In the process of communication, a person formalizes his thoughts into simple or complex syntactic structures. Not the least of them is the compound sentence.

The examples and theoretical information presented below will help you understand the construction and punctuation of syntaxes of this type.

A complex syntactic structure, consisting of two or more simple components of equal meaning, combined through coordinating conjunctions, is called a complex sentence, or complex sentence.

Let's look at examples: “The doctor told jokes, but the conversation still didn’t go well. The crowd flowed like a river in front of them, but finally it thinned out, and the last congratulators left” (According to Maupassant).

The first of the presented designs consists of two parts, the second – of three. They are connected by unions and, but .

It is impossible to ask a question from one predicative construction to another.

Take note! It is necessary to distinguish between complex sentences and non-union sentences expressing a sequence of actions or their comparison:
“Sparrows began to chirp under the windows, the darkness dissolved, and the morning sun illuminated the entire area. Night had long fallen - he still didn’t go to bed.”
Although their components are equal, there are no conjunctions between them that necessarily connect the parts of a complex sentence.

Unions within the SSP

Simple sentences forming a complex compound are connected by coordinating conjunctions of the following groups:

• and, and... and, too, yes (in the meaning of and), neither...nor, also, not only... but also, both... and - connecting;
• but, yes (in the meaning but), and, but, however, but then, however - adversative;
• or, or, not that... not that, that... that, or... or – dividing;
• that is, namely, explanatory.

Accordingly, complex sentences are also combined into three groups, namely:

• with connecting unions;
• explanatory;
• dividing;
• adversarial.

Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Designs with connecting unions

A complex sentence of this type can be gleaned from literature and colloquial speech: “ Kolomeichenko invites me to sit on the hay, and a long conversation begins about boibaks” (According to V. Orlov). “My friends hurried home, I also followed them.”

“The water in the stream gurgled merrily, and a bird unknown to me sang somewhere nearby.” “Not only the adults went out to harvest the crops, but the children didn’t lag behind them.” “And Ivanov could not come to the meeting, and his partner fell ill.” “When you reap the harvest, you will spend the winter.”

“I can’t see the light of the sun, and there’s no room for my roots” (I. Krylov). “Mom received her nephew cordially, he also tried to show her every attention.”

The most common complex sentences contain constructions with the conjunction and. The semantic connection of the parts that form the SSP of a given type is not the same. They can express:

• Temporary relationships. At the same time, the phenomena they talk about occur either simultaneously or sequentially: “Somewhere in the distance, dull chords were heard, and a hoarse male voice was heard. This invisible wall suddenly moved apart, and sounds that had been suppressed for a long time poured out from behind it with terrifying force” (A. Kuprin).
• The relationship is cause-and-effect: “Grandfather always took care of his health, and therefore even old age did not deprive him of his vigor and clear mind. Indistinct talk and noise ran through the entire crowd, and after that the words were clearly heard: “Stolen.” ().

Constructions with separating unions

Let's look at some examples of syntactic constructions of this type: “A bird will fly up, or an elk will trumpet in the distance. Either I don’t understand, or you don’t want to understand me”(). “It was either thunder or a gun hit. Either the clouds will set, then the sun will suddenly appear.”

Disjunctive SSPs with repeated or, less commonly, single conjunctions name phenomena that, in the speaker’s opinion, cannot occur at the same moment.

Either one of them excludes the other, or they follow in turn.

Take note! Compound sentences and simple ones complicated by homogeneous members with the conjunction or, as well as and, but are often confused. To avoid mistakes, you should look at the number of grammatical stems.
Compare:
“For a second a stone will appear in the bushes, or an animal will jump out of the grass, and the steppe will flash again.”
“Meanwhile, the devil was creeping slowly towards the month and was about to stretch out his hand to grab it, but suddenly he pulled it back, as if he had been burned, swung his leg and ran on the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand back” (N. Gogol).

Opposite BSC

Let's consider examples with the conjunction but, but, but, yes, which are most often found in modern language: “Angelica’s eyes were teary, but he didn’t notice anything” (According to V. Shishkov). He began to work, and lazy, homely thoughts wandered in his head for a long time” (A. Chekhov).

“The pie wasn’t baked, but the compote was a success. I wanted to call my parents, but the phone disappeared somewhere.” As we see, the phenomena discussed in the BSC data are opposed to each other.

SSPs with an adversative meaning can only contain particles that perform the function of conjunctions in them: “Separation did not help to forget, only the pain worsened. The back of my head ached badly, but my legs almost let go.”

Constructions with explanatory conjunctions

In this form, BSC is used only, namely, and that is. In colloquial speech, such constructions are rare. The scope of their application is book styles: “The time was fortunate, that is, no one could enter.” “The weather is terrible, namely the rain is pouring incessantly.”

Features of punctuation marks

The BSC of any group usually contains a comma separating its components.

However, if in front of them there is a common secondary member, or subordinate clause, then it should not be inserted: “During a blizzard, the wolf does not leave the den and the lynx does not hunt.” “When the sun rose, everything around began to sparkle with colors and the water turned silver.”

The exception will be cases when we have a sentence with a repeating conjunction: “Loaded carts slowly crawled along the road, and light horsemen rushed by, and peasants walked slowly.”

Take note! If parts of the BSC are denominative, interrogative or impersonal constructions with predicates of similar meaning, then they are not separated by a comma:
"Tour of the city and lunch at a diner." “How much sand has flown and what date is it now?” “You shouldn’t be late and you shouldn’t miss classes.”

It is also necessary to mention those cases when in the BSC a comma is replaced by a colon or a dash.

A dash is placed if:

1. The second sentence is unexpectedly opposed to the first.
2. The second predicative construction contains an immediate connection to the previous one.

A colon is placed between the components of the BSC if:

1. They already have commas inside them.
2. They have many members.
3. They are not very closely related in meaning.

To illustrate a special type of complex sentence, consider examples from fiction:

“I didn’t have time to go out the door - and now, at least gouge out my eye!” (N. Gogol)

“I was ready to leave with every cart, to leave with every gentleman of respectable appearance who hired a cab; but not one, absolutely no one, invited me, as if they had forgotten me” ().

“He stopped, squatted down, but as soon as she approached him with hesitant steps, he jumped, like a devil jumping out of a box, and flew to the opposite end of the living room” (H. Maupassant).

Useful video

Let's sum it up

As you can see, sentences with coordinating conjunctions not only differ in typical diversity, but also do not have standard punctuation. We hope that the material presented in the article will be useful in solving theoretical and practical problems related to BSC.

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Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);

3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:

Phenomena occurring simultaneously.

For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).

In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationships.

For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.

I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- cause-and-effect relationships.

For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.

I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.

Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.

The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is opposed to another.

For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.

Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).

Unions but , but indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.

For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .

For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.

Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).

In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Dividing unions or And or can be single or repeating.

With more detailed description types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.

Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.

Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened for him.

Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.

Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.

COMPOUND SENTENCE (SSP)

Plan

1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSCs according to potential quantitative composition: complex sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).

2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with semantic groups of conjunctions.

2.1. BSC with connecting unions of open and closed structure.

2.2. SPP with dividing unions.

2.3. SPP with adversarial alliances.

2.4. NGN with connecting unions.

2.5. IPS with explanatory conjunctions.

2.6. Gradational SSP.

3. Punctuation marks in the BSC.

Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating Conjunctions are not included in any of them, are not members of the proposal.

All BSCs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.

Parts of compound sentences open the structures are an open series; they are constructed in the same way. Means of communication are proper connecting and dividing conjunctions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird screamed... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed quietly, Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white was moving in the bushes(Korolenko). In an open structure SSP there can be more than two predicative units (PU): That a long branch suddenly catches her neck, That the golden earrings will be torn out of your ears by force; That a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; That she will drop her handkerchief...(P.).

In sentences closed the structures of a part are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together A wealth separates them; He wanted to tell him something But the fat man has already disappeared(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating conjunctions: but, and, however, yes and; not only but and etc.

Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into six groups.

3.1. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONNECTING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of connecting conjunctions (single and repeating): and, yes, too, also, and also; both... so and, yes... yes, and... and.

Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure.

2.1.1. BSC open structure

Similar BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PU ( P reductive e units). Conjunctions AND (AND...AND), NEI...NOR, YES (YES...YES).

In such SSPs, the predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report:

A) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [Kaluna Not growing between us], neither [grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [ the sun is shining], And [ the grass turns green], And [ the birds are singing like spring]. As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the BSC are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Viburnum does not grow between them. The grass doesn't turn green.

b) about their following one after another, sequence: [Upslidtwo-three large kȧpli rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] ( I. Goncharov ). [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified in words then, then, after.

Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.

Such BSCs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause-determinant (in this case, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC):

In the distance dark and the groves are strict(I. Bunin): by the union And the impersonal one-part PE is connected Dark and two-part The groves are strict. Determinant (general member of the BSC) in the distance clearly shows that homogeneous facts are listed.

(When the sun rose), [the dew has dried]And [the grass turned green]. Subordinate clause When the sun rose refers immediately to both PU connected by connecting relations, therefore a comma is not placed before the union AND.

The simultaneity and sequence of the listed facts is often emphasized by the correspondence of the aspectual and tense forms of the predicates in different PU (as a rule, the predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of missiles] and [mad patter flooded machine guns] (Sedikh). In both parts of the SSP, predicate verbs are of the perfect form. General member of the sentence (adverbial tense) at that very moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the placement of a comma between PEs.

2.1.2. BSC closed structure

The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating conjunctions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words that specify meanings. They consist only from two PE. The relationships between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is connected in meaning to another, especially if there are specific words.

Stands out six types SSP closed structure.

1. Sentences with meaning consequence - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, rapid change of events. They often use words that specify meaning therefore, because, therefore, therefore, means(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to a conjunction and clarify its meaning). The second part reports the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] my mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore, you can’t live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Be able to create the appropriate conditions and you will extend the life of plants(conditional-effect relationships: If you can create the conditions, then extend...). The artist raised his bow and everything instantly fell silent.

2. BSC with distributional meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (found at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and This it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PU there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the BSC: New schedules have been introduced and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.

3. BSC with connective-adversative meaning with the union AND: parts contradict each other in real content. Possible qualifying words nevertheless, after all, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt her and it didn't work.

4. BSC with identifying meaning(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: The people were very hungry, the horses Same needed a rest(Arsenyev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).

5. SPP with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. The role of concretizing words is in addition, moreover, in addition, besides, moreover and under.: They will compare you to men, yes more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).

6. SPP with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: Still the same yard, still the same laughter, and only you're missing a little bit(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on temple(A.N. Tolstoy). Words only can serve as unions.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIVIDING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:

These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:

1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).

2. In separating BSCs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).

SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)

Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction or either. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.

1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.

2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.

3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.

4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly drove up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)

Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.

1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).

2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.

3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.

4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.

5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.

6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)

7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)

Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.

Analysis sample.

And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)

1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.

2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating conjunction and, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, the relationship in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.

Scheme: and , and .

4. Analysis of each PE.

1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.

grass smells

b) Complete.

c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish

crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.

2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.

a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by the conjugated verb present. vr. nesov.v.

b) Complete.

c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.

d) Complicated by the widespread isolated definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.

Suggestions for parsing

1. You don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).

2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.

2.3. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

Compound sentences with closed structure With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, yes(in meaning But).

Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.

Comparative relations characteristic of BSCs with interchangeable conjunctions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but despite all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together A wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, but his comrades loved him(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in predicative parts comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.

The most common among such sentences are those with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral conjunction A. For example: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty...(Chekhov).

Union same, related in origin to the intensifying particle same, retains its excretory-intensifying value; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, we same with combat unit(Chekhov).

Offers with adversarial relationships according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) they are based on the inconsistency of the events mentioned in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.

1) adversative-restrictive proposals (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This grammatical meaning can be most clearly seen in constructions with forms of the subjunctive or “invalid” (with the particle was) moods, with auxiliary verbs want, desire and under.: I guess I I would eat it a little snow, But the snow on Sukharevka was dirty(V. Kaverin). He started to pour some tea for her But she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connecting-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the function of a union: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise Mama will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truthnot that you'll get it.

2) In adversarial-concessive SSP's adversative meaning is complicated by a concessive one (such a SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which contains conjunctions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], But[I lived in a shack in the yard](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Although I had my own room in the house), [I lived in a shack in the yard] . Possible qualifying words nevertheless, nevertheless, despite this, meanwhile, with all this and etc.: The bird told you nonsense, but anyway he is a good man(N. Ostrovsky) .

3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but, yes) events are assessed: in one part positive, in the other – negative: The guns are rusting in the arsenals, but shakos sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid, high headdress of some military units.

4) B offensive-spreading The second part of the BSC complements the first. As in connecting-extensive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word This: I turned my back to him, but This seems to have increased his suspicions(V. Kaverin).

In the Russian language, it is customary to divide sentences into simple ones, which include one grammatical basis, and complex ones, which include several subjects and predicates that are not homogeneous members. In grade 9, the program involves studying various types of complex sentences. These include complex sentences (examples of which will be given below), as well as complex and non-union sentences. At the beginning of the course, we study in detail what BSC is in Russian (Complex Sentence).

BSC classification

As the name of the term suggests, a compound sentence is a complex sentence with a coordinating connection, which can be expressed using coordinating conjunctions or certain particles. Unlike phrases where a subordinating relationship is used and one part of the sentence is dependent (that is, cannot be used separately from the main one), in SSP both parts are equal. Below is a table with examples of compound and complex sentences from works.

The coordinating connection in a sentence can take on the following meanings:

1. Connective relations are used in cases where it is necessary to show the sequence of two actions or to emphasize their simultaneity: The clock showed midnight And There was finally silence in the house. Communication is formed through alliances And, Yes,Also, Same and some particles: no no.
2. Relationships between parts of a sentence can be divisive when it is necessary to indicate a change of events, their alternation or comparison: Not that he imagined not that and in fact, something bright flashed in the sky. In this case the conjunction is used or, as well as various repeating particles: either... or,not that... not that and others.
3. Comparative relations are used to draw attention to the identity of the two parts of the BSC using namely or that is: I'm very afraid of heights namely The roofs of multi-story buildings and endlessly long flights of stairs scare me.
4. Explanatory relations include various kinds of specification, clarification, expressed in words A, But,which means, and etc.: Everything was fine in the country house, But The roof leaked a little.
5. Gradational relationships are those relationships in the BSC that involve further development: If not It will be possible to finish the construction by the end of the week, then at least you will already have done half the work. Conjunctions are used for communication not only that... also, not only but, not to say that... but and others.

In addition, comparative relations are sometimes divided into 3 more small categories, which include comparative relations themselves (this includes phrases with conjunctions oh yeah), adversatives (to express inconsistency using ah, but) and concessional (using only).

Types of coordinating conjunctions

To connect grammatical bases, auxiliary parts of speech are used - conjunctions and, in some cases, particles. Unions in the SSP usually divided into three categories:

• connecting: and, yes and, too;
• separating: either, not that... not that, or;
• adversative: however, but, but, but.

In addition, complex conjunctions differ in their composition. Most of them consist of one or two words ( yes, also, but, or, but) and is used only in one part of the SSP:

We wouldn't make it until sunset Yes comrades came to the rescue.

However, double conjunctions are also distinguished, which are used in both parts of the phrase ( not only... but also, either... or, or... or):

Or Tomorrow there will be a thunderstorm with heavy rain, or It will be hot all day.

Conjunctions in the SSP are usually found at the beginning of the second part of the sentence (or at the beginning of both parts, if we are talking about a double conjunction). Exceptions are too, also and particle same, which can be located in the middle of a phrase:

January turned out to be unusually warm, February Same I was in no hurry to please the guys with snow.

The location of the conjunction in the phrase and the type to which it belongs must be known in order to correctly place punctuation marks (if necessary).

Basic rules of punctuation

As with all other types of complex sentences, most often in the SSP it is necessary to separate one part from the other by using a comma before the coordinating conjunction or particle.

We could have arrived today, but unexpected circumstances prevented our plans.

Either Pavel did not receive her message, or there were problems on the line again.

However, it is important to remember that coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. In such cases, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics and understand whether the subjects and predicates are homogeneous, as in the following simple sentence:

Bees or wasps often fly into your apartment in the summer and can sting someone.

In addition, punctuation in BSC is not limited to commas. Some phrases use punctuation marks that are more typical of a non-union connection.

Semicolon and dash

In some cases, other punctuation marks should be used instead of a comma. If the sentence is very common (it contains participial or adverbial phrases, introductory words, a large number of homogeneous members) and there are already commas inside, you should separate one part of the phrase from the other using a semicolon:

The guys went to the pond, despite the beginning of rain, visited their neighbor, and walked along an abandoned forest path; but only in the evening they were allowed to go home.

In situations where one part of the BSC is sharply opposed to another or when the second part is a consequence of the first, a dash must be placed between them:

A blow and he fell.

In addition, punctuation errors in phrases with coordinating connections arise not only when determining the correct punctuation mark. Sometimes there are complex sentences that lack both commas and dashes.

When punctuation marks are not used

Keep in mind that there are some cases where a comma is not required. For example, if two simple sentences in a complex sentence are connected by single conjunctions And, Yes, or, or and have some common element, then no punctuation is needed between them. The common element may be:

1. Common minor member (usually an object or adverbial): His parents have cows and pears growing on their farm.
2. General subordinate clause (in the event that subordination is used in a sentence along with an essay): While my brother was walking, my mother went to the store and my sister started baking a pie.
3. The general part of the sentence connected by a non-union connection (only when both parts of the SSP reveal the content of the phrase in more detail): The girl was overcome by despair: the last tram had left and the last bus had left.
4. General introduction: As you know, our planet has the shape of a ball and the Moon revolves around it.

In addition to the indicated cases, a comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if they are united by intonation:

How much time is left before the exams and when should you start preparing for them?- interrogative intonation.

Let the old year end and the new one begin!- an incentive offer.

How charmingly an experienced musician plays and how amazingly fine-tuned his ear is!- both parts are united by an exclamation.

Punctuation is not required in denominative sentences (without a predicate), if the conjunction is not double:

Amazing beauty and a completely inexplicable sight.

However, this rule does not apply to titles of books, films, etc.:

Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath!

A comma is not needed in vaguely personal sentences, but only when the same performer of the action is implied:

Lunch was brought to the patients and then the dirty dishes were taken away.

It is not easy to remember all the listed rules and special cases. The easiest way to master the information received is to complete several tasks to consolidate the skill.

Examples of exercises

Task 1. Create diagrams for complex sentences from fiction (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Explain punctuation marks.

They wandered around the island for a long time without any success, but finally the pungent smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin put them on the trail.

First you need to determine the subjects and predicates: they wandered And brought the smell. Thus, there are 2 grammatical stems in the sentence, and they are connected by the conjunction But.

To draw up a BSC diagram, each part is indicated by square brackets, between which a coordinating conjunction is indicated: […], But […].

Punctuation marks are explained as follows: comma before the conjunction But separates 2 parts of the BSC; finally isolated on both sides, since this is an introductory word.

The generals looked at these peasant efforts, and their hearts played merrily.

It is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics: the generals were watching And hearts played. The connection between the parts of the sentence is ensured using a connecting conjunction And. The SSP scheme looks like: […], And […].

A single comma separates two simple parts of a complex sentence.

I wanted to give them a scolding, but they were frozen, clinging to him.

The first sentence in a complex sentence is incomplete: the subject is omitted, the predicate is omitted - wanted to give. The second sentence is ordinary, two-part; its grammatical basis is they are numb. Communication is made using an adversative conjunction But. The diagram looks like this: […], But […].

A comma before a conjunction divides a complex sentence into two parts; the second comma indicates the participial phrase.

The man now collected wild hemp, soaked it in water, beat it, crushed it - and by evening the rope was ready.

In the first part, homogeneous predicates are observed - picked, soaked, beat, crushed, related to the subject man. The second part is not complicated at all: the rope was ready. The diagram looks like: […] - And […].

Commas are added because there are several homogeneous members. The dash is necessary because the second part of the phrase is a result of the first.

Task 2. Determine which of the sentences are complex.

(1) The sixth-graders left the school building in a friendly crowd and, looking at the carefree sunny sky, walked to the bus stop. (2) There was already a roomy bus there that was supposed to take them to Vyborg. (3) The guys were already completely ready for the trip, but the teacher had not arrived yet. (4) Either her trolleybus was delayed, or her naughty daughter did not want to let her go to another city for the whole day.

(5) An elderly driver got off the bus and looked thoughtfully at the slightly confused schoolchildren. (6) Not only the guys were looking forward to the excursion, but he himself dreamed of finally escaping from the cramped, stuffy city.

To find the BSC, you need to determine which phrases contain 2 or more grammatical stems. Sentences 2, 3, 4 and 6 fit this condition. Phrases numbered 1 and 5 are simple with homogeneous predicates.

SSP and SPP (complex sentences) differ in communication methods: SSP uses coordinating conjunctions, while SSP uses subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Let us determine by what means the connection between simple parts is carried out. With the exception of sentence 2, where a conjunctive word was used which, all other phrases are connected using double ( either... or, not only... but also) and single coordinating conjunctions ( But). Therefore, phrases 3, 4 and 6 belong to the BSC.

Task 3. Perform parsing:

The summer holidays began, and we, of course, went on vacation in the countryside.

Syntactic parsing is carried out in stages. In some cases, some steps are omitted (for example, determining the type of union); below is the most complete version of the analysis:

• Characterize it by the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring: narrative (does not contain a call to action or a question) and non-exclamatory.
• Determine the number of grammatical stems: holidays have started And we went on vacation. Therefore, the sentence is complex.
• The connection between the basics is ensured using a coordinating conjunction And. This means that the sentence is complex.
• Perform a separate analysis of the first simple sentence. Since it has both a subject and a predicate, it is two-part. The presence of a minor member (definitions summer) indicates prevalence. The proposal is not complicated in any way. The subject is expressed by a noun, the predicate by a verb, and the definition by an adjective.
• The second part is also two-part. It is spread by circumstance out of town. An introductory word acts as a complication Certainly. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, the compound predicate by two verbs, one of which is in the infinitive form, and the adverbial by a noun.
• The diagram looks like: […], and […].

The syntactic analysis of any other sentence in which there is a coordinating connection is performed in a similar way.

Kyzylorda region Shieli district

communal state institution “Kazakh secondary school No. 152”

in 9th grade

Lesson topic:

2015-2016 academic year

“I approve”___________

Subject Russian speech

Class 9

date 22.10 .2015

Subject

Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions

Learning Objectives

teach to recognize BSCs with dividing conjunctions or, or, then, not that among other BSCs;develop skills for independent study of material;continue the development of speech, thinking, memory, creativity students;to cultivate diligence, the ability to work in a team, goodwill, cooperation, mutual assistance,

interest in the subject.

Expected results

Students will learn to correctly use BSC in oral and written speech, will be able to work individually, in a group, will learn to analyze, express their opinions, and evaluate themselves and others.

At e we and methods

Critical Thinking Strategies "», cluster.

Group, individual, group work.

Resources, equipment

Textbook, chalk, blackboard, interactive whiteboard, slides, clusters, stickers, envelope, score sheet

Stage

Time

Teacher activities

Student activities

Assessment

Org. moment

3 min

1.Creating an emotional mood for the lesson.

The teacher greets the students and wishes everyone good luck.Reception "Compliments".

2. Division into groups. The teacher asks students to divide into 3 groups.

Pgreeted by the teachers,they smile and compliment each other.

They are divided into 3 groups, according to the notes on the stickers: “connecting”, “opposing”, “dividing”.

Smile at each other, the joy of communication

Call

min

Setting a learning task.

Repetition of the material covered during the reception« True and false statements»

1. A complex sentence consists ofof two or several simple sentences.

2. Parts of the SSPare not equal in meaning and are related subordinating conjunctions.

3. Connective unions area, but, however, on the other hand, the same.

4 . In SSPA comma is always placed before adversative conjunctions.

5. SSPs with connecting conjunctions denote phenomena, which occur simultaneously or follow one another.

6. In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctionsone phenomenon is opposed to another.

Students answer questions, exchange notebooks, check each other on the answer key (Answer key on the slide).

No error – 3 points

1 mistake - 2 points

2 or more - 1 point

The group leader puts grades on the score sheet.

Key:

1 Yes, 2 No, 3 No, 4 Yes, 5 Yes, 6 No

Peer assessment

(grading sheet)

2. Understanding

12 min

Move to a new topic. The teacher uses exploratory conversation with students and leads to the next topic, then writes down the date and topic of the lesson.

Lesson topic: “Complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions.”

Gives the groups a task: to create a cluster “Coordinating Conjunctions”. Reception "Carousel".

Students write down the date and topic of the lesson, then get acquainted with the theoretical material.

They form a cluster, and after time they complement the clusters of another group.

Formative assessment “Two stars and one wish”

17 min

Strategy “Who will be the first to compose?”

The teacher gives tasks to the groups.

1st group. Exercise 52, page 39. Rewrite the sentences, inserting the necessary conjunctions instead of periods; determine in which sentences there is alternation of phenomena and in which there is mutual exclusion.

2nd group. Ex. 54, p.40. Rewrite the text, inserting the necessary letters and punctuation marks.

3rd group. 61, page 43. Rewrite using punctuation marks.

Individual task “Test yourself!”

Place punctuation marks

Either the sun was shining or it was raining. (1 point)

On the mountain either a malachite-colored forest lay spread out or grassy meadows sparkled in the sun. (2 points)

The conversation either fell silent or resumed with renewed vigor, and as if listening to the news, a river wave lazily moved through the shore pebbles. (3 points).

Students perform exercises in their group, together, together, helping each other. Group speakers explain the material to all students.

Create evaluation criteria

Students check the correct answer on the slide.

Peer assessment based on criteria

pass notebooks around, check each other

Self-test

self-assessment

Reflection

min

The teacher receives feedback. “Envelope question” strategy.

On this topic, each group is given one question, but each student gives his own answer, writes it on a sticky note and puts it in an envelope.

The teacher praises the students for their work and offers to raise one of the three colors, according to his perception of the topic of the lesson.

Students think and answer the question, write it on a sticky note, and put it in an envelope. The teacher collects the envelopes, takes out any sticker from there, and reads out the answer. Students give their consent and evaluate each other's correct answer.

Students pick up one of three colors using the “Traffic Light” technique.

Peer assessment

min

Now let's look at the evaluation sheet and see who received what grade.

All agree?

Take the task home and write it in your diary.

The group leader announces and totals the scores.

Write down the task:select examples with disjunctive conjunctions from works of art, learn the rule.

Summative assessment